Given Hapunda

13 project planning chapter of the handbook. Chapter four discusses the importance of establishing a basis for comparisons and critical elements of M&E. This chapter by Hapunda forms the backbone for this handbook. This chapter is central because all other chapters feed into this one. Specifically, this chapter discusses how to develop baseline surveys and how different elements that form M&E are developed and applied. Part three reviews and discusses methodological issues found in M&E. This part has four chapters. Chapter five by Nakazwe-Chanda and Chanda discusses different designs that can be used in conducting monitoring and evaluation. It discusses methods that can be used in conducting tested interventions and when testing the efficacy of a new intervention that has not yet been proved. Designs such as randomised controlled trails are argued to be best-suited to testing new interventions. The author also argues for designs such as pre-test/post-test control-group design that can be used for well-established interventions. Chapter six by Mwale discusses different methods of data collection used in M&E. It zeros-in on core methods that are often used in M&E. The Chapter approaches the topic with a practitioner’s mind. Therefore, it discusses how each method can be used in the M&E context. Chapter seven by Kaliba- Hapunda and Hapunda discusses ethical issues, principals and politics that should be considered when conducting M&E. The authors argues that M&E is not devoid of ethical issues and dilemmas that are often found in research, as such M&E practitioners should follow ethical issues when conducting M&E. The authors contends that applying ethical principles begins with clarification of responsibilities and competences in M&E. Valuing and respecting the welfare of humans and animal participants in M&E is key to upholding ethical issues and responsibilities. This part ends with chapter eight on data analysis. Chansa - Kabali in this chapter discusses key descriptive and inferential statistics that are often used in M&E. She focusses on statistical tests that can demonstrate differences between baseline and endline of data collection. The chapter also discusses how evaluation should consider the voice behind reported numbers. The chapter ends with a discussion on how to conduct qualitative data analysis. Part four is about disseminating and reflecting on M&E data. The first chapter in this part, is chapter nine discussing communicating M&E data. This chapter is backed by a case study of a Graphogame intervention. In this chapter, Folotiya-Jere discusses the importance of communicating M&E findings and packing this information for different audiences. The chapter describes different methods of communicating data. Chapter ten, is a report on a pre-school feeding intervention in South Africa. Nyathela reports results using an experimental design with baseline data on how a sorghum feeding problem improved nutritional status of pre-scholars. The chapter ends with recommendations. Chapter eleven by Sichimba links to the two previous chapters by focusing on reflecting on data, documenting lessons learnt