Given Hapunda

209 approach in human beings to reduce bias; and also children had equal opportunity to participate in the study. When choosing a random sampling technique, the following methodological concerns were considered for the quality and the standard of the research; sample size, statistical analyses, description, interpretation and generalisation of results and the overall quality of the results (Gibney et al., 2009). Only boys and girls aged between one to six years, whose parents had signed the informed consent form participated in the study. To select a multistage sample, participants were divided into two groups; one experimental and one control group. The experimental group was drawn from three different pre-schools from Evaton West (Lesego, Lerato and Sisonke) and three from Soshanguve (Dineo, Table of His Grace and Lethabong), and the control group was drawn from two different pre-schools (Sharpeville and Eatonside) in the Vaal region. Pre-schools of the Vaal region were selected for the control group because their social background was similar to that of the schools in the experimental group. The experimental group consumed a sorghum- based meal for a period of ten months, while the control group did not receive any supplementary feeding. Framework of the groups is illustrated below. . Figure 6: Framework of groups that participated in the research project EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTROL GROUP JOHANNESBURG & PRETORIA PRE- SCHOOLS VAAL REGION PRE-SCHOOLS SORGHUM-BASED MEAL NO FEEDING 200 CHILDREN 1−6 years 100 CHILDREN 1−6 years