Given Hapunda

26 to the expected results, such as, for example, changes in attitudes and behaviour of participants (see Focus Box 2). This process meant developing a Theory of Change (TOC) for each loveLife programme which meant defining each programme from input level to impact level and showing the various levels of change. To illustrate this, we present a TOC for one of loveLife’s programmes called love4Life (see figure 4). love4life is a modular programme on healthy sexuality which addresses the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of young people on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR). Besides building SRHR and HIV/AIDS knowledge and skills in young people, the programme content also addresses root causes of HIV infection: gender inequality, gender-based violence, human rights violations, marginalisation of key populations and discrimination. The programme is mainly implemented in schools and supports the life orientation curriculum of the South African Department of Basic Education (DBE) and the implementation of the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for HIV and AIDS, TB and STIs. Focus Box 2: Results-Based M&E Results are those changes that can be attributed to activities implemented in the framework of the programme. It is important to note that the mere fact that a (positive) change occured, it is not good enough to describe it as a result of the project, even if the change was intended. The observed change can only be called a result of the project if a causal or at least a plausible link can be established. Results-based M&E assesses if a) the programme is implemented as intended (including an assessment of activities implemented and quality of the activities) and b) if programme activities lead to the expected results (immediate, intermediate and long-term). In this sense, Results-Based M&E aims at establishing clear links between projects activities and expected changes in programme participants and/or communities .