Given Hapunda

40 total sanitation methodology is an example of a model that can be applied anywhere to eliminate open defecation. Why Theory/Model of Change A theory of change or model of change helps identify the factors that will impact your programme, project or policy and enable you to anticipate the data and resources you need in order to achieve success. All development funders look for clarity in defining the problem, the plan to address the problem, reasons behind a proposed approach and an outline of how anticipated achievements will be measured. A theory and model of change help you do just that (Kellogg Foundation, 2002). According to Stein & Valters (2012), at project level, a theory of change:  Is basis for strategic planning - ToC helps organisations practically map the change process and its expected outcomes and facilitates project implementation.  Strengthen shared vision - Developing a common understanding of work and surfacing any differences.  Strengthens the clarity, focus and effectiveness of programmes  Provides a framework for monitoring, evaluation and learning -ToCs articulate expected processes and outcomes that can be reviewed over time. This allows organisations to assess their contribution to change and to revise their ToCs.  Uses a theory of change to communicate work clearly to others and as a reporting framework. Theory of Change Levels When thinking about social change in international development, there are a number of potential levels of change that should be considered from conceptualisation to implementation stage. Stein & Valters (2012) argue that though interconnected, defining levels at which a ToC approach is meant to function is crucial for the clarity and practicality of a given ToC and its associated interventions. The authors also observed that one way of understanding the concept of levels in ToC is to look at the actors and targets of the intended change process. The four levels of change include individuals, relationships, culture and structure/systems (Shapiro, 2006; Lederach & Thapa, 2012). These levels are described in Table 1 below.