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7 get involved. There are three different levels of engaging stakeholders in PM&E. Table 1 shows different roles of stakeholders in PM&E. Table 1: Roles of Stakeholders in PM&E Role of stakeholder Role of evaluator/nature of evaluation Active respondent  Evaluators formulate performance questions, design and implement evaluation. Primary stakeholders (especially beneficiaries) act as respondents.  Stakeholders are given freedom to express views and influence the evaluation outcome.  Evaluators encourage involvement.  Evaluator provides feedback and invites comments. As consultant  Evaluator formulates performance questions, but involves stakeholders in shaping up the design and implementation.  Stakeholders advises ways of disseminating findings. As evaluators  Stakeholders are involved in the design and implementation  Service users are interviewers or researchers but planned by professionals Source : IFAD, 2002 To conduct PM&E certain steps must be followed. In almost all the steps, reflection and discussion are encouraged in an iterative way. These include: 1. Identifying and engaging stakeholders. 2. Building stakeholders’ capacities for PM&E. 3. Defining and agreeing what to monitor and evaluate. 4. Developing and formulating indicators. 5. Gathering information. 6. Managing and analysing data. 7. Reflecting, sharing and using the results of M&E. (Remember that reflection should start at least at step 3: defining and agreeing what to monitor and evaluate). 8. Learning, document besting practices and adjusting or changing project strategies. Why PM&E? Unlike conventional monitoring and evaluation, PM&E promotes and sustain relationships between different stakeholders within and outside the project. Involving stakeholders from the very beginning ensures that the policy, programme or project evolves around people’s needs, and is therefore more responsive and adaptive to their local conditions (Core initiative, 2000). Another reason why PM&E should be embraced is that it increases the likelihood of sustained impact. Recently, one Facebook user