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94 Figure 3: Solomon Four-Group Design Quasi-Experimental Designs These are used when random assignment of subjects to groups is not feasible or practical. They only require the creation of comparison groups (and not control groups) which are not equivalent to the intervention groups (Creswell, 2014). Therefore, they are intervention studies employed to establish the causal relationship or impact of the intervention on the beneficiaries or target population without random assignment of subjects to treatment or control group (Bryman, 2008). Quasi-experimental studies are different from pure experimental designs or randomised controlled trials as they lack the element of randomisation. To that effect, the quasi-experimental designs allow the researcher to control the assignment of participants to the experimental or treatment group without randomisation, but using other Random Assignment Pre-test Experimental group Post-test Pre-test Control group Post-test Experimental group Post-test Control group Post-test Focus Box 7: A Solomon Four-Group Design An evaluation was done by Traeen (2003) on a sex education syllabus intervention that aimed at preventing unwanted pregnancies among teenagers in Norway. 54 schools participated in this study and were randomly assigned to four different groups. In the first group, students completed a pretest questionnaire, were given the intervention and answered two post-test questionnaires. Students in the next group did not complete the pre-test questionnaire but were given the intervention as well as answering the post-test questionnaires. Students in the other group completed the pre-test and post-test questionnaires but were not given the intervention. Participants in the other group were assigned to the control group, given the posttest questionnaire but not the pretest questionnaires nor the intervention. The results showed that students in the intervention group who engaged in sexual intercourse for the first time between the pre-test and posttest used contraceptives than students who only completed the pre-test and post-test questionnaire.