Daan Pieren

22 Chapter 1 REFERENCES 1. Linton, P. J. et al. Age-related changes in lymphocyte development and function . Nat. Immunol. 5, 133-139, doi:10.1038/ni1033 (2004). 2. (WHO), W. H. O. Population Ageing , http://www9.who.int/features/qa/72/en/ 3. Walsh, E. E. et al. Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly persons . J. Infect. Dis. 189, 233-238, doi:10.1086/380907 (2004). 4. Thompson, W. W. et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States . JAMA 289, 179-186, doi:10.1001/jama.289.2.179 (2003). 5. Jansen, A. G. et al. Influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality and hospitalisations . Eur. Respir. J. 30, 1158-1166, doi:10.1183/09031936.00034407 (2007). 6. Fleming, D. M. et al. The impact of influenza on the health and health care utilisation of elderly people . Vaccine 23 Suppl 1, S1-9, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.018 (2005). 7. Drijkoningen, J. J. et al. Pneumococcal infection in adults: burden of disease . Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 Suppl 5, 45-51, doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12461 (2014). 8. Jackson, M. L. et al. The burden of community-acquired pneumonia in seniors: results of a population-based study . Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 1642-1650, doi:10.1086/425615 (2004). 9. Ruuskanen, O. et al. Viral pneumonia . Lancet 377, 1264-1275, doi:10.1016/S0140- 6736(10)61459-6 (2011). 10. Nash, D. et al. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999 . N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1807-1814, doi:10.1056/NEJM200106143442401 (2001). 11. Zhou, F. et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID- 19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study . Lancet 395, 1054-1062, doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30566-3 (2020). 12. Phelan, A. L. et al. The Novel Coronavirus Originating in Wuhan, China: Challenges for Global Health Governance . JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1097 (2020). 13. Qiu, H. et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study . Lancet Infect. Dis., doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5 (2020). 14. McElhaney, J. E. et al. T-Cell Immunity to Influenza in Older Adults: A Pathophysiological Framework for Development of More Effective Vaccines . Front. Immunol. 7, 41, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00041 (2016). 15. Nichol, K. L. et al. The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community . N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 778-784, doi:10.1056/ NEJM199409223311206 (1994). 16. Govaert, T. M. et al. The efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . JAMA 272, 1661-1665 (1994). 17. Kwong, J. C. et al. Vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations among elderly adults during the 2010-2011 season . Clin. Infect. Dis. 57, 820-827, doi:10.1093/cid/cit404 (2013). 18. Goodwin, K. et al. Antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly: a quantitative review . Vaccine 24, 1159-1169, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.105 (2006). 19. Wagner, A. et al. Age-related differences in humoral and cellular immune responses after primary immunisation: indications for stratified vaccination schedules . Sci. Rep. 8, 9825, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28111-8 (2018). 20. Weinberger, B. et al. Impaired Immune Response to Primary but Not to Booster Vaccination Against Hepatitis B in Older Adults . Front. Immunol. 9, 1035, doi:10.3389/ fimmu.2018.01035 (2018). 21. Park, S. et al. Older adults have a low capacity to opsonize pneumococci due to low IgM antibody response to pneumococcal vaccinations . Infect. Immun. 79, 314-320, doi:10.1128/ IAI .00768-10 (2011 ). 22. Nikolich-Zugich, J. The twilight of immunity: emerging concepts in aging of the immune system . Nat. Immunol. 19, 10-19, doi:10.1038/s41590-017-0006-x (2018). 23. Chiu, C. et al. Antiviral B cell and T cell immunity in the lungs . Nat. Immunol. 16, 18-26, doi:10.1038/ni.3056 (2015).