Tamara van Donge

Kidney injury biomarkers in pediatrics 173 9 KI biomarker samples were assessed in urine (n=6), serum (n=4), plasma (n=1), urine and serum (n=1). In total, values from 26 different unique urinary KI biomarkers were retrieved and 6 serum/plasma biomarkers. Most frequently assessed KI biomarkers were NGAL, KIM-1 and cystatin C, which were discussed in 6, 4 and 3 publications, respectively (Table 2). In total, urinary NGAL was assessed in 888 subjects, urinary KIM-1 in 555 subjects and serum cystatin C was investigated in 208 pediatric subjects. Overview of these most frequently retrieved biomarker values in healthy pediatric populations is depicted in Figure 2. Exploratory data analysis of age dependent changes In the next sections, we will provide a detailed overview on the most frequently investigated KI biomarkers (NGAL, KIM-1 and serum cystatin C) in the pediatric population. Further, we will briefly discuss the current state of knowledge of other KI biomarkers. 0 200 400 600 <26 wks 26−27 wks 28−29 wks >30 wks Newborns 1 mo (b) 1 mo (g) 2−3 mo (b) 2−3 mo (g) 4−6 mo (b) 4−6 mo (g) 7−12 mo (b) 7−12 mo (g) Children 3−5 yrs 5−10 yrs 10−15 yrs 3−18 yrs 15−18 yrs uNGAL (ng/mL) Bennett et al. Cangemi et al. Saeidi et al. Zwiers et al. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 <26 wks 26−27 wks 28−29 wks >30 wks 3−5 yrs 5−10 yrs 15−18 yrs 3−18 yrs uKIM−1 (pg/mL) Bennett et al. Saeidi et al. 0 500 1000 1500 <26 wks 26−27 wks 28−29 wks >30 wks uCysC (ng/mL) Saeidi et al. 60 70 80 0−5.9 yrs sNGAL (ng/mL) Wheeler et al. No data 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 sKIM−1 (pg/mL) 500 1000 1500 2000 24−26 wks 29−36 wks <36 wks (d1) <36 wks (d3) 0−3 mo 0−1 yrs 4−11 mo 1−3 yrs 4−8 yrs 9−17 yrs sCysC (ng/mL) Armangil et al. Finney et al. Zwiers et al. Figure 2: KI biomarker values in the healthy pediatric population 18,20,23,29-30,32-34,37 . Left and right panel illustrate biomarker values retrieved from urine and serum, respectively. Standard deviation, interquartile range and confidence intervals are presented by dashed, dotted or full lines, respectively. Median or mean estimates are represented by the appropriate symbol for the study. Abbreviations: wks; weeks, mo; months, yrs; years, b; boys, g; girls, d1; day 1 of life, d3; day 3 of life, KI; kidney injury, NGAL; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, KIM-1; kidney injury molecule-1, CysC; cystatin C.