Tamara van Donge

Chapter 9 184 Conclusion This review of KI biomarkers in different pediatric age groups indicates that (i) the majority of KI biomarkers are measured in urine, (ii) the three most commonly analyzed KI biomarkers are urinary NGAL, urinary KIM-1 and serum cystatin C, (iii) values of KI biomarkers appear to decrease from prematurity to infancy, (iv) investigation of these KI biomarkers could allow early detection and localization of KI in pediatric patients, and (v) there is an unmet need to further enhance knowledge on age-dependent changes of KI biomarkers in pediatrics. Studies are needed to better characterize reference values for these key KI biomarkers in healthy pediatric populations and to evaluate the value of these markers in the early detection of drug-related KI in neonates, infants and children.