Gersten Jonker

142   Chapter 6 CONCLUSION Assessment and certification practices in European postgraduate anesthesiology training are diverse. Most countries have an underlying tradition of knowledge focus or procedural focus within a time-based apprenticeship model of training. However, many countries are evolving, or have evolved, towards a competency-based approach to training. The move to competency-based training is accompanied by the use of a larger number of assessment tools to support an ultimate summative decision on trainees’ competence. Establishing learning outcomes that can be assessed to guarantee a required level of competence of all European anesthesiologists demands ongoing effort.