Caroliene Meijndert

85 Alvoalar ridge preservation in defect sockets in the maxillary aesthetic zone &Meredith, 2008). Implant stability was measured immediately after implantation and just before placement of the definitive restoration. − Implant survival. was defined as the percentage of the implants that are in place and functional at the time of follow-up. − Marginal bone level change. The bone level was measured by a trained observer (CMM) on standard peri-apical radiographs with individually fitting aiming devices (Meijndert et al., 2004). The distance from the implant shoulder to the first bone to implant contact was taken on the mesial and distal side of the implant. Only the bone level changes apical from the implant shoulder were taken into account. Any bone that was depicted above the implant shoulder was given a value of 0.00 mm. − Probing depth. The implant and the adjacent teeth were probed at four sites (mesial, distal, buccal, palatal). The probing depth was measured to the nearest 1 mm using a periodontal Click-probe® with a standard pressure of 0.2-0.25N (KerrHawe Dental Corporation, Bioggio, Switzerland). − Clinical variables. Modified Plaque index (Mombellie et al., 1987), Modified Sulcus Bleeding Index (Mombellie et al., 1987), Gingiva Index (Löe, 1967) . − Aesthetic parameters according to the modified Pink and White Esthetic Score (PES/WES) (Belser et al., 2009). − The mid-buccal mucosa and papilla change (Zuiderveld et al., 2018) were measured on intra-oral colour photographs using a periodontal probe parallel to the axis of the implant crown for calibration (Williams Color-Coded probe; Hu-Friedy Chicago, IL,USA). A horizontal line was drawn between the incisal line of the adjacent teeth (reference line). The distance between the reference line and the mesial and distal papilla and the mid-buccal mucosal margin were measured and analysed (Adobe Photoshop 21.0.3 2020, Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, USA). − Participant satisfaction was assessed with a questionnaire used by Den Hartog et al.(2013) prior to implant placement and one year after definitive crown placement. The questions focussed on the influence of the affected site or the new implant restoration on the patient self-confidence, function and aesthetics, and had to be answered on a 5-point scale, ranging from very dissatisfied (score 1) to very satisfied (score 5). The overall satisfaction was measured on a 0-100 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). − Complications: Any biological and technical complication that occurred from surgery up to one year after definitive crown placement, were recorded. 5