Flipbook

5 SAFETY BEHAVIOR AFTER EXTINCTION TRIGGERS A RETURN OF THREAT EXPECTANCY 129 Table 2. Graphical depiction of the experimental task Pavlovian acquisition Safety behavior acquisition Extinction Return of safety behavior Test Note. The black square, triangle, and circle are the CS. A, B, and C were randomly allocated to the different shapes for each participant. The picture of a loudspeaker indicates the presence of a loud noise (US) following CS presentation. The picture of the plug indicates the availability of the safety behavior. A cross through the picture of the loudspeaker indicates that participants did not hear the loud noise if they unplugged the headphones (i.e., used safety behavior). Measures State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) The STAI (Spielberger, Gorusch, & Lushene, 1970) was included to measure state and trait anxiety, because they may affect fear learning (Grillon et al., 2006; Lissek et al., 2005). Each construct was measured by 20 items, rated on a scale from 1 ( not at all ) to 4 ( severely ). In this study, Cronbach’s α = .87 and .94 for state and trait anxiety, respectively. A B C