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5 SAFETY BEHAVIOR AFTER EXTINCTION TRIGGERS A RETURN OF THREAT EXPECTANCY 139 can be improved, and the return of fear can be diminished, might provide ways to enhance the long-term effects of exposure-based therapy. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Angelos Krypotos for his advice and helpful comments while writing the manuscript, and Nesrin Tatar for collecting the data. REFERENCES Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Whiteside, S. P. (2011). Exposure therapy for anxiety: Principles and practice. New York: Guilford Press. Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004). Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 35 , 205-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894( 04)80036- 4 Blakey, S. M., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2016). The effects of safety behaviors during exposure therapy for anxiety: Critical analysis from an inhibitory learning perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.07.002 Boddez, Y., Baeyens, F., Luyten, L., Vansteenwegen, D., Hermans, D., & Beckers, T. (2013). Rating data are underrated: Validity of US expectancy in human fear conditioning. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44 , 201-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.08.003 Bouton, M. E. (2002). Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 976–986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031 Bouton, M. E. (2016). Learning and behavior: A contemporary synthesis (2 nd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.