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5 SAFETY BEHAVIOR AFTER EXTINCTION TRIGGERS A RETURN OF THREAT EXPECTANCY 141 Grillon, C., Pine, D. S., Baas, J. M., Lawley, M., Ellis, V., & Charney, D. S. (2006). Cortisol and DHEA-S are associated with startle potentiation during aversive conditioning in humans. Psychopharmacology, 186 , 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0124-2 Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 427-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1 IBM Corp (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0 [Computer software]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Keijsers, G. P. J., van Minnen, A., & hoogduin, C. A. L. (2011). Protocollaire behandelingen voor volwassenen met psychische klachten. Amsterdam: Boom. Krieglmeyer, R., Deutsch, R., De Houwer, J., & De Raedt, R. (2010). Being moved: Valence activates approach-avoidance behavior independently of evaluation and approach- avoidance intentions. Psychological Science, 21, 607-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610365131 Leer, A., & Engelhard, I. M. (2015). Countering fear renewal: Changes in the UCS representation generalize across contexts. Behavior Therapy, 46 , 272-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.012 Leer, A., Engelhard, I. M., Dibbets, P., & van den Hout, M. A. (2013). Dual-tasking attenuates the return of fear after extinction . Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 4 , 325-340. doi:10.5127/jep.029412 Lissek, S., Powers, A. S., McClure, E. B., Phelps, E. A., Woldehawariat, G., Grillon, C., & Pine, D. S. (2005). Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43 , 1391-1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.007 Lovibond, P. F., Mitchell, C. J., Minard, E., Brady, A., & Menzies, R. G. (2009). Safety behaviours preserve threat beliefs: Protection from extinction of human fear conditioning by an avoidance response. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47 , 716-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.04.013 Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2012). Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: ten years of progress. Annual Review of Psychology, 63 , 129-151. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631