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6 APPROACH BEHAVIOR AS INFORMATION 159 Ehlers, A., Margraf, J., Roth, W. T., Taylor, C. B., & Birbaumer, N. (1988). Anxiety induced by false heart rate feedback in patients with panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26 , 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967( 88)90028-9 Engelhard, I.M., & Arntz, A. (2005). The fallacy of ex-consequentia reasoning and the persistence of PTSD. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36 , 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.004 Engelhard, I. M., Macklin, M. L., McNally, R. J., van den Hout, M. A., & Arntz, A. (2001). Emotion-and intrusion-based reasoning in Vietnam veterans with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39 , 1339-1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967 (00)00101-7 Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., Arntz, A., & McNally, R. J. (2002). A longitudinal study of “intrusion-based reasoning” and posttraumatic stress disorder after exposure to a train disaster. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40 , 1415-1424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967 (02)00018-9 Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson. Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 58, 203–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0041593 Gangemi, A., Mancini, F., & van den Hout, M. (2012). Behavior as information: “If I avoid, then there must be a danger”. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43 , 1032-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.04.005 Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36 , 427-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1 Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, 773-795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572 Klugkist, I., van Wesel, F., & Bullens, J. (2011). Do we know what we test and do we test what we want to know? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35 , 550-560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411425873 Lang, P. J. (1977). Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy, 8, 862-886. http://dx.doi.org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.1016/S0005-7894( 77)80157-3