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7 ACTIVE APPROACH DOES NOT ADD TO THE EFFECTS OF IN VIVO EXPOSURE 175 Table 1. Mean ( SD ) participant characteristics by condition. Condition Exposure + approach ( n = 26) Exposure only ( n = 25) Control ( n = 25) Total ( N = 76) Age 21.15 (2.92) 22.40 (3.40) 21.80 (2.43) 21.79 (2.95) SAS 16.81 (3.39) 16.52 (4.12) 16.24 (3.37) 16.53 (3.60) DS-R 51.15 (8.65) 51.44 (10.89) 52.44 (11.64) 51.67 (10.33) Scary 60.31 (23.17) 63.72 (18.60) 51.60 (20.14) 58.57 (21.11) Disgust 71.69 (21.71) 71.76 (22.63) 61.08 (26.10) 68.22 (26.10) FSQ 72.23 (19.79) 68.28 (18.42) 70.36 (19.39) 70.32 (19.03) Note. SAS = Spider Anxiety Screening, DS-R = Disgust Scale Revised, Scary = How scary participants rated the spider, Disgust = How disgusting participants rated the spider, FSQ = Fear of Spiders Questionnaire, pretest. BAT There was an overall pre- to posttest increase in BAT-steps, F (1,73) = 73.15, p < .001, η p ² = .50, power = 1.00, which differed between conditions, F (2,73) = 4.70, p = .01, η p ² = .11, power = .77, see Figure 2 middle panel. It was significant for all conditions, smallest t (24) = 3.44, p = .002, r = .57, power = .91. The only significant difference between conditions was a larger increase for Exposure only compared to the Control condition, p = .01, power = .74. Exposure + approach did not differ from the Control condition, p = .21, or from Exposure only, p = .65. This was not in line with the hypothesis that Exposure + approach would show greater improvement than Exposure only. The degree of fear participants reported at the furthest BAT-step decreased from pre- to posttest, F (1,73) = 19.79, p < .001, η p ² = .21, power = .99, and differed between conditions, F (2,73) = 7.51, p = .001, η p ² = .17, power = .94, see Figure 2 right panel. There was a significant decrease for the Exposure + approach and Exposure only conditions, smallest t (24) = 3.10, p = .005, r = .53, power = .85, but not for the