Teun Remmers

180 | Chapter 10 participant's residence, school, sports grounds, afterschool childcare centers and shopping centers. In addition, this study focused on children's multi-place environment; conceptualized by the combined home-, school-, and daily transport environment between their home and school. Results showed that afterschool leisure time PA was associated with higher densities of greenspaces (i.e. lawns and shrubs), buildings and pedestrian paths, and smaller home-school distances. In addition, cycling was associated with greater home-school distances and higher densities of pedestrian areas and sports terrains, while fewer minutes of cycling were associated with higher densities of buildings, lawns, and pedestrian paths. More minutes of afterschool walking were associated with smaller home-school distances and higher densities of agriculture, shrubs, main roads, and pedestrian paths. Collectively, this study revealed attributes of the multi-place physical environment that relate to afterschool leisure time and transport-related PA. PA Patterns in the Transition between Primary and Secondary School Chapter 9 describes a longitudinal study on the development of PA patterns in the transition between primary and secondary school. The aim of this study was to add in- depth insights into where and in which time-segments of the day changes in children's PA patterns may occur. Based on information from GPS and GIS data, this study was able to specify multiple physical and behavioral contexts: participant's residence, school, sports grounds, shopping centers, and other places, and trips in active and passive transport. Multi-level linear mixed models were fitted adjusting for age, gender, meteorological circumstances, and the nested structure of measurement-days within children and children within schools. Results showed that total LPA and MVPA declined in the transition between primary and secondary school, especially after school and during weekends. The major drivers of decreasing PA from primary to secondary school were 1) increased sedentary time spent at the residence, 2) decreased LPA spent at sports grounds, and 3) decreased LPA and MVPA spent at other locations (e.g. time spent while visiting friends or time spent outside at places in the neighborhood but outside the house). Declines in afterschool PA were replaced with increased sedentary time at children's residence. Transport-related activity significantly increased during weekdays, and stronger increases were found for children with bigger increases in distance from the residence to their school. What the Studies in this Thesis add to the Current Knowledge Base Some overall conclusions can be drawn from this thesis. First, results from chapter 2 showed that increased MVPA was related to lower BMI standard deviation scores. Although several previous studies have suggested such a relationship (5, 6), this was the first study that showed differential effects by children's weight status at baseline. Second, chapter 3 discussed the relationship between PA enjoyment and PA behavior as being moderated by gender and impulsivity. Although age and gender are often suggested as key-moderators of this relationship, this was the first study to a-priori evaluate these interactions. Third, results from chapters 4 and 5 showed that especially perceived