Teun Remmers

56 | Chapter 4 Perceived physical environment Traffic business; n agree (%) (missing n = 2) 567 (28.30) 279 (27.57) 288 (29.00) Safety perception during daytime; n agree (%) (missing n = 11) 1460 (73.10) 751 (74.50) 709 (71.76) Safety perception during evenings; n agree (%) (missing n = 17) 1035 (52.00) 543 (54.19) 492 (49.80) Presence of sidewalks; n agree (%) (missing n = 11) 1365 (68.40) 701 (69.47) 664 (67.27) Friendliness for children; n agree (%) (missing n = 10) 1661 (83.20) 847 (84.11) 814 (82.22) Attractiveness for children; n agree (%) (missing n = 14) 1502 (75.20) 763 (75.84) 739 (74.50) Opportunities for outside play; n agree (%) (missing n = 16) 1390 (69.70) 703 (69.81) 687 (69.60) Safety without supervision; n agree (%) (missing n = 12) 1093 (54.80) 557 (55.42) 537 (54.09) Chi-square for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables, Numbers printed in bold represent p < 0.05. Associates of OP at child age five Table 2 shows the cross-sectional associations between predictors at child age five and OP at child age five. Parental self-confidence, traffic business and the presence of sidewalks in the neighborhood showed a non-significant univariate association with OP (p > 0.10) and were therefore not included in the models. The socio-demographic variables explained 13% of the variance in OP. Two variables were consistently related to OP: child age and child BMI. Specifically, a one-year increment in child’s age at baseline was associated with a 13.56-minute increase in OP per day. Family environment variables explained 27% of the variance in OP at age five. Parents who indicated difficulty towards improving OP reported their child to play outside 16.33 (95% CI = −26.41 to −6.26) minutes less per day. Parents with a habit towards improving OP reported 33.41 (95% CI = 25.05 to 41.77) more minutes of OP. The presence of rules regarding OP was associated with 19.87 (95% CI = 13.44 to 26.30) more minutes of OP. Parents of children that indicated intention to improve their child’s OP reported 12.83 (95% CI = −19.73 to −5.92) less minutes of OP. Perceived PE together explained 10% of the variance in OP at age five. No variables within perceived PE were significantly related with OP at child age five.