Teun Remmers

Investigating moderation between determinants of children's outside play | 75 Table 2. Associations among the perceived physical environment, parenting influences, social capital and child outside play development between five ( n = 1875) and seven years ( n = 1317). Standardized coefficients from repeated measures linear mixed models. Dependent variable is outside play at five and seven years. Season at five and seven was entered as random factor, allowing each respondent to have its own random slope for season-combinations, using an autoregressive covariance structure. Model 1 is only adjusted for covariates (gender, maternal education, and child age). Model 2 is adjusted for covariates and all variables in their block (second and third column). Final model is adjusted for covariates and all variables in the table. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01. Table 3 . Moderators of the longitudinal relationship between the perceived physical environment and child outside play between five ( n = 1875) and seven years ( n = 1317). Interaction terms Model 1 std. beta (90% C.I.) Model 2 std. beta (90% C.I.) Model 3 std. beta (90% C.I.) Final model std. beta (90% C.I.) Functionality * perceived responsibility 0.034 (0.001 to 0.063)° 0.038 (0.008 to 0.068)* 0.041 (0.011 to 0.070)* 0.035 (0.004 to 0.066)° Traffic safety * perceived responsibility 0.031 (-0.019 to 0.064) 0.033 (0.001 to 0.65) ° 0.039 (0.005 to 0.070)* 0.031 (-0.002 to 0.064) Standardized coefficients from repeated measures linear mixed models. Dependent variable is outside play at five and seven years. Season at five and seven was entered as random factor, allowing each respondent to have its own random slope for season-combinations, using an autoregressive covariance structure. Model 1 is only adjusted for covariates (gender, maternal education, and child age) and main effects of the interaction. Model 2 is adjusted for covariates significant main effects of Table 2 (accessibility, attitude, concern, restriction, social capital). Model 3 contains covariates and all main effects of Table 2. Final model is equal to Model 2, but interactions are also adjusted for each other. ° : p < 0.10, *: p < 0.05. Model 1 std. beta (95% C.I.) Model 2 std. beta (95% C.I.) Model 2 std. beta (95% C.I.) Final model std. beta (95% C.I.) Functionality −0.01 (-0.05 to 0.03) −0.03 (-0.07 to 0.01) −0.03 (-0.07 to 0.01) Traffic safety 0.07 (0.03 to 0.11)** 0.04 (-0.01 to 0.08) 0.03 (-0.02 to 0.07) Attractiveness 0.07 (0.03 to 0.12)** 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)* 0.01 (-0.04 to 0.05) Accessibility 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)** 0.06 (0.02 to 0.11)** 0.05 (0.01 to 0.09)* Attitude 0.13 (0.09 to 0.17)** 0.09 (0.05 to 0.13)** 0.09 (0.05 to 0.13)** Perceived responsibility 0.002 (-0.04 to 0.04) 0.01 (-0.03 to 0.05) 0.01 (-0.04 to 0.05) Concern − 0.13 (-0.17 to -0.09)** − 0.04 (-0.09 to -0.01)* − 0.04 (-0.09 to -0.001)* Restriction − 0.24 (-0.28 to -0.20)** − 0.22 (-0.26 to -0.17)** − 0.21 (-0.26 to -0.17)** Pressure 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)** 0.04 (-0.002 to 0.08) 0.04 (-0.01 to 0.08) Monitoring −0.02 (-0.06 to 0.02) −0.01 (-0.05 to 0.03) −0.01 (-0.05 to 0.03) Social capital 0.12 (0.08 to 0.16)** 0.08 (0.04 to 0.12)** 0.07 (0.03 to 0.11)**