Vincent de Leijster

120 Chapter 6 of agroforestry and monocultures, separate surveys were held for each type. We did not include polyculture coffee farms (coffee and plantains), which were also common in the region. Monoculture coffee farms were included if they had less than 100 Musa plants per ha, and less than 10 trees per ha. Farmers of both monoculture and agroforestry farms were surveyed using a structured questionnaire to obtain information about the farm properties, management characteristics, profits, supply chain, and vegetation characteristics. We complemented the vegetation characterization by surveying vegetation plots of 20 m by 20 m in 11 monoculture farms and 56 agroforestry farms. 6.2.2.1 Farm characteristics We collected information about the characteristics of the farms, namely farm size (ha), elevation (m), coffee cropping density (plants ha -1 ), coffee varieties cultivated, time since last pruning of coffee shrubs (y), and time since transition to agroforestry (y). We recorded the altitude and location of the farm using a GPS device (Garmin GPS 62s). 6.2.2.2 Management characteristics and economic data We also collected information on management characteristics, namely labor, agrochemicals, and costs of pest control, fertilization, weed control, harvesting, processing, transport and pruning, and we collected information related to profits, such as marketed coffee yield, farm gate coffee price, and yield and prices of other fruits and timber. Through the survey we also collected information about the choice of intermediary to which the coffee was sold, which was categorized in ‘coffee association’ (of which farmers are members), ‘private intermediaries’, ‘the national coffee cooperative, La Cooperativa’, or ‘multinationals’, and we asked whether their coffee was certified by either Rainforest Alliance, Fair Trade, UTZ or 4C. 6.2.2.3 Vegetation characteristics in the farm and plot We recorded information about the vegetation characteristics of the farm, namely crop densities, tree spatial arrangement, tree species and their densities. Specifically, we asked farmers about tree species on the farm and their densities. Further, we recorded the spatial arrangement of these trees by asking farmers and visual inspections. The spatial arrangement categories were: ‘Dispersed’ where the majority of the trees were dispersed and randomly located throughout the farm, ‘Alleys’, where the majority of the trees were