Vincent de Leijster

179 Appendices Table A5-10. The effect of time since transition to agroforestry on ecosystem service indicators per spatial tree arrangement class. Dispersed is for shade trees dispersed in the farm, Alleys + Living Fences is for farms that had trees in alley formation, Living Fences is for farms that had trees bordering the farm and barely in the middle. Red text colors indicate variables with low sample sizes Ecosystem service Indicator Unit Dispersed Alleys Living Fences Carbon stock n Estimate ± SD R 2 , P n Estimate ± SD R 2 , P n Estimate ± SD R 2 , P Above-ground carbon (AGC) Mg C / ha 26 28 ± 6.5 -0.03 12 1.2 ± 0.6 0.22• 12 1.0 ± 0.6 0.16 Below-ground carbon (BGC) Mg C / ha 26 -0.7 ± 0.6 0.01 12 1.1 ± 0.6 0.15 12 1.3 ± 1.5 0.02 Total carbon stock Mg C / ha 26 0.19 ± 0.80 0.04 12 2.3 ± 0.6 0.57** 12 3.6 ± 1.8 0.22• Erosion and water infiltration Soil loss (RUSLE) Mg soil / ha / y 15 0.07 ± 0.04 0.15• 11 -0.22 ± 0.11 0.22• 10 0.08 ± 0.15 -0.09 Herbaceous cover % soil covered with vegetation 16 -1.0 ± 0.4 0.21* 11 -0.8 ± 1.6 -0.8 10 -0.3 ± 1.0 -0.12 Litter cover % soil covered with litter 16 -0.2 ± 0.3 -0.05 11 2.3 ± 1.3 0.19• 10 -1.4 ± 0.9 0.13 Soil stability Stability score 16 -0.03 ± 0.02 0.08 11 -0.00 ± 0.04 -0.11 10 0.05 ± 0.06 -0.04 Habitat provisioning Butterfly richness # species 5 5 3 Butterfly abundance # individuals 5 5 5 Butterfly diversity Shannon index 5 5 5 Epiphyte group richness # groups 16 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 10 0.10 ± 0.05 0.26• 6 0.02 ± 0.11 -0.24 Pest control Coffee berry borer incidence % incidence 26 -0.6 ± 0.5 0.01 12 1.6 ± 1.1 0.11 12 1.6 ± 1.2 0.06 Leaf miner; Plant damage Damage score (0-4) 10 4 4 Leaf miner; Leaf damage Damage score (0-4) 10 4 4 Provisioning services Coffee productivity (plot) kg berries / plant 16 -47 ± 36 0.04 11 -80 ± 47 0.15 9 -73 ± 42 0.20 Coffee yield (survey) kg green coffee / ha / y 23 -2.1 ± 1.9 0.02 11 -0.8 ± 8.5 -0.11 12 -8.6 ± 3.0 0.39* Coffee quality (plot) Ratio fresh:dry weight 14 -0.001 ± 0.001 -0.07 9 0.012 ± 0.003 0.68** 9 -0.002 ± 0.002 -0.02 Timber volume m 3 wood / ha 26 1.3 ± 1.0 0.02 12 3.3 ± 2.3 0.08 12 3.7 ± 1.8 0.21•