Vincent de Leijster

67 Almond farm profitability under agroecological management 4 and applying compost). This resulted in total labor costs of €386.50 for CT, €272.50 for NT, €334.25 for GM and €396.00 for CM, which are included in the operational costs of each activity. Net revenue: Net revenue was calculated by subtracting the sum of the operational costs, indirect costs and capital costs from the gross revenues for a normal operational year. Table 4-2. Assumed values for costs of rainfed almond production in south-eastern Spain, based on surveys of 2016. *Variable per treatment; treatment specific costs are given in the text. Unit Assumed value Survey n External source Analysis Operational costs Tillage € ha -1 freq -1 € 104.27 8 Variable per T* Compost fertilization € ha -1 € 119.50 6 Only CM Seeding ground cover € ha -1 € 76.34 4 Only GM Mowing ground cover € ha -1 € 140.05 1 Only NT Pruning € ha -1 € 151.10 6 All Pest control € ha -1 € 64.10 7 All Harvest € ha -1 € 257.10 8 All Machinery maintenance € ha -1 € 59.30 3 All Indirect costs Certificate € ha -1 € 26.52 2 All Other* € ha -1 € 144.18 MAPA 2018 All Capital costs Land costs € ha -1 € 104.14 MAPA 2018 All Depreciation € ha -1 € 120.55 MAPA 2018 All Investment costs in year 0 Design € ha -1 € 205.50 1 All Purchase trees € ha -1 € 563.88 3 All Planting the trees € ha -1 € 101.67 2 All Soil preparation € ha -1 € 95.75 3 All Compost application € ha -1 € 105.80 6 Only CM 4.2.3.3 Variance of input variables and sensitivity analysis The input values for the parameters yield, market price and maintenance costs were randomly varied for each iteration of the model based on the respective standard deviation. To do so, we used the Excel function NORM.INV(RAND()). The standard deviation for yield was estimated from the field experiments (CT st.dev=73.32 kg ha -1 , NT st.dev=120.6 kg ha - 1 , GM st.dev =135.5 kg ha -1 , CM st.dev =150.8 kg ha -1 ). The standard deviation of market