Vincent de Leijster

99 Ecosystem services trajectories in coffee agroforestry in Colombia over 40 years 5 Ecosystem service indicator Unit n farms AF / MC n samples (plot/method) Year of collection Micro-climatic conditions Relative humidity % air humidity 48 / 15 5-8 ‘18+’19 Temperature ˚Celsius 48 / 15 5-8 ‘18+’19 Soil conditions Total soil N content % N 59 / 15 1 (3 sub-samples) ‘18+’19 Soil extractable P content mg P kg soil -1 59 / 15 1 (3 sub-samples) ‘18+’19 Soil extractable K content cmol K kg soil -1 59 / 15 1 (3 sub-samples) ‘18+’19 Farm characteristics Farm size ha 59 / 15 1 ‘18+’19 Coffee planting density plants ha -1 59 / 15 1 ‘18+’19 Last pruning of coffee plants y since last pruning 28 / 8 1 ‘19 Altitude m 59 / 15 1 ‘18+’19 Slope % inclination 44 / 10 8 ’19 Total input management Score 0-1 43 / 10 1 ’19 Weeding management Score 0-1 43 / 10 1 ’19 Fertilization management Score 0-1 43 / 10 1 ’19 Pest management Score 0-1 43 / 10 1 ’19 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Trajectories Vegetation characteristics We found an asymptotic relationship between time since agroforestry and canopy closure (P<0.0001, R 2 =0.18, n=54; Figure 5-1a) and canopy height (P=0.006, R 2 =0.27, n=54; Figure 5-2b). The development of canopy cover and canopy height was characterized by a half- time coefficient lower than 5 y since implementation of agroforestry and the saturation was associated to approximately 20 y since agroforestry. Tree species richness was also positively related to time since agroforestry (GLM Poisson, coefficient=0.018±0.007, P=0.009, n=54; Figure 5-2c). Time since agroforestry was implemented did not significantly affect tree density or total basal area of trees and Musa plants. We provide a detailed overview of vegetation characteristics in the appendix (Table A5-3). Descriptive statistics of vegetation and farm characteristics are presented in Table 5-2. Table 5-1 (Continued)