Tiam Mana Saffari

167 STEM CELLS, VASCULARITY, AND NERVE 8 Figure 2. Schematic overview of different sources of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are obtained from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and therefore require destruction of the embryo. Nerve stem cells are harvested from the subventricular layer of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular layer of the hippocampus. Bone marrow-derived stem cells are harvested from the marrow cavity of long bones. Adipose-derived stem cells are derived from subcutaneous fat and are abundantly available following commonly performed procedures such as liposuction. Skin derived precursors are harvested from the dermis and represent a related population of cells harvested from hair fol - licles. Fetal tissue provides populations of cells from amniotic membrane, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord tissue, and Wharton’s jelly. Dental pulp stem cells can be harvested from deciduous teeth. Copyrighted and used with permission of the World Journal of Stem Cells; all rights reserved. Directly cited from 53 - Augmenting peripheral nerve regeneration using stem cells- A review of current opinion. Mesenchymal stem cells The multipotent MSCs can be derived from the bone marrow and a wide range of non- marrow sources, including adipose tissue, peripheral blood, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, tendon and ligaments, hair follicle, synovial membranes, olfactory mucosa, dental pulp and fetal tissue 60 . Their potential for differentiation, ease of isolation, and immunomodulation have contributed to their considerable application in tissue regeneration. MSCs have the ability to differentiate into all mesoderm lineages: adipose