Tiam Mana Saffari

172 CHAPTER 8 Table 1 – (Continued) Source Origin Location of harvest Properties/ Mechanism Advantage Disadvantage Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) Multipotent stem cells Exfoliated deciduous teeth Replace Schwann cell myelination, exert neurotrophic factors - Stronger proliferation, greater clonogenicity, and larger population compared to BMSCs - Most convenient source of multipotent stem cells - Require controlled storage of autologous cells after harvest - Limited scientific support Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) Pluripotent stem cells Dermis, blood Replace Schwann cell myelination, exert neurotrophic factors - No ethical and immunosuppressive restrictions - Inducible from easily obtainable somatic cells - Differentiation occurs with reduced efficiency and increased variability - Higher risk at tumorigenicity - Chromosomal aberrations - Epigenetic memory from original somatic cells Exosomes Membrane nanovesicles In almost all biological body fluids including blood, urine, breast milk, ascites, and saliva Transmit genetic material, neurotrophic factors, and proteins - Could eliminate the risks associated to MSC transplantation - Lower immunogenicity - Cross biological barriers - Easier stored and available in the long term while maintaining quality - No standardized techniques for isolation, quantification, and purification - No ethical safety assessment or guidance. - Limited scientific support.