Darcy Ummels

Counting steps in activities of daily living in people with a chronic disease | 27 2 Table 2.2 The developed activity protocol based on principles and free living tasks from other protocols. Activity type Duration of activity, repetitions or walking distance Included in short version Standing 1 minute Yes Simulated cleaning of windows 1 minute Yes Walking weaving around cones 7 meters Yes Sitting in a chair 2 minutes Yes Standing 1 minute No Vacuum cleaning on the spot 1 minute No Vacuum cleaning while walking 1 minute Yes Walking weaving around cones 7 meters Yes Walking up and down stair (3 or 4 steps 3 times Yes Lifting a 1 ‐ kg objects and placing it on a table 1 minute Yes Walking in a straight line 7 meters Yes Lying in a bed 6 minutes No Sitting in a chair 5 minutes Yes Standing 1 minute No Walking in a line while carrying a shopping bag (2.5 kg) 7 meters 2 times Yes Walking sideways along a 2 meter kitchen counter 2 ways 3 times Yes Standing 30 seconds No Walking in a straight line 7 meters Yes Cycling (50 to 60 rpms a at 30 watts) 3 minutes Yes Total time 28 to 33 minutes 19 to 24 minutes a Revolutions per minute. Data analysis Data analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics version 23.0 (IBM Corp). Descriptive statistics of the participant characteristics were presented as raw data and percentages for the categorical variables gender, diagnosed disease, and physical activity (sufficient/insufficient) 43 and as means and standard deviations for the continuous variables age, CIRS score, and average walk speed. The video recordings of the activity protocols were analyzed by at least 1 researcher. One ‐ tenth randomly chosen video recordings were analyzed by a second researcher to assess intra observer reliability of our gold standard. This was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; 2 ‐ way random, absolute agreement) and Bland ‐ Altman plots including limits of agreement. 47 It was hypothesized that there would be a strong correlation ( r >0.90). 48 The validity of the activity trackers was assessed in multiple ways. To gain insight into step count distribution, descriptive statistics and scatterplots were used for all trackers. To gain insight into the strength of the relation between measured steps by the activity trackers and the gold standard, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. It was