Iris Kanera

1 11 INTRODUCTION lifestyle, a healthy diet, and refraining from smoking is of high importance. Therefore, the World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) developed comprehensive lifestyle recommendations for the prevention of cancer and for cancer survivors (Box 1.1; World Cancer Research Fund, 2009; Rock et al., 2012). The WCRF/AICR recommendations and the Dutch guidelines overlap in their recommendations on the minimum consumption of vegetables and fruit (200 g vegetables and 2 servings [200 g] of fruit), fibers, sodium, and alcoholic beverages. The WCRF/AICR recommendations additionally include recommendations on restricting meat products, and foods and drinks that promote weight gain. In the Netherlands, the Dutch oncology standard of care (Visserman, Gijsen, & Blaauwbroek, 2014) refers to the generic PA and dietary recommendations for cancer survivors as described by the World Cancer Research Fund and refers in addition to more tailored recommendations for specific target groups (e.g., undernourished; Kampman, Beijer, & van Veen, 2013). Box 1.1 Physical activity and nutrition guidelines for cancer survivors Engage in regular physical activity as part of everyday life - Be moderately physically active (for example, brisk walking) at least 150 minutes per week, spread over at least 5 days a week - Include strength training exercises at least 2 days a week - Limit sedentary behavior such as sitting, lying down, watching television, or other forms of screen-based entertainment Eat mostly foods of plant origin - Eat at least five servings (at least 400 g) of a variety of non-starchy vegetables and fruits of different colors including red, green, yellow, white, purple, and orange, including tomato-based products and allium vegetables such as garlic every day - Eat unprocessed cereals (grains) and/or pulses (legumes) with every meal. Choose whole grains instead of refined grain products - Avoid high-calorie foods and sugary drinks - People who eat red meat 1 : consume less than 500 g a week, very little if any processed meat 2 - Limit consumption of processed foods with added salt to ensure an intake of less than 6 g (2.4 g sodium) a day Limit intake of alcoholic drinks - Do not drink alcohol. If you do, limit alcoholic drinks to no more than one drink per day for women or two per day for men. Be as lean as possible without being underweight - Achieve and maintain body weight within the normal range Note : Adapted from Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines from the WCRF/AICR and ACS (World Cancer Research Fund, 2009; Rock et al., 2012). 1 beef, pork, lamb, and goat from domesticated animals including processed foods 2 meat preserved by smoking, curing or salting, or addition of chemical preservatives, including processed foods