Iris Kanera

114 Chapter 5 Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010). Used behavior change strategies were consciousness-raising by pointing out the discrepancy between current behavior and recommendations; identifying pros and cons; identifying barriers and providing solutions; persuasive communication; self- monitoring; social modeling; goal setting; action and coping planning (Bolman et al., 2015; de Vries et al., 2013; Peels et al., 2014b; van Stralen et al., 2009). When visiting a lifestyle module, participants were made specifically aware of their own behavior in relation to the norms. Detailed and personalized feedback targeting attitudes, social support, self-efficacy, barriers, and intentions toward behavior change was provided. Text, photos, videos of fellow survivors and specialists, and hyperlinks to other sources of information were used for this purpose. In addition, the respondents were encouraged to set goals for PA and diet, and smokers were encouraged to set a smoking cessation date. Following this, detailed examples of action- and coping plans were provided to help prepare the behavior change (de Vries et al., 2013). After four weeks, participants were invited to evaluate their behavior and encouraged to continue applying the previously provided self-regulation strategies. Furthermore, use of the KNW forum was suggested for interaction with peer cancer survivors and social support. To encourage the use of KNW, several e-mail-reminders andpromptswere sent automatically with a direct link to the KNW, for example to invite participants to complete questionnaires or visit modules. Furthermore, additional information was provided by launching monthly news items linked to visiting the website. The KNWwas applied without major adjustments, bugs or downtimes after the trial commencement. Hyperlinks to other websites were updated when needed. Outcome measures Physical activity The validated self-report Short Questionnaire to Assess Health Enhancing Physical Activity (SQUASH) was applied at baseline and at the 6-month follow-up (de Hollander et al., 2012; Wendel-Vos et al., 2003; Wendel-Vos & Schuit, 2004). PA was determined based on 11 items including activities during commuting (walking, cycling), leisure time (walking, cycling, gardening, odd jobs), sports (light, moderate, vigorous), household tasks (light work, intense work), and work (light work, intense work). The number of days a week, the average number of minutes a day, and the intensity (light, moderate, vigorous) were rated for all activities. The average weekly minutes of PA were calculated by multiplying the number of days per week with the number of minutes per day, categorized into three categories: light PA , moderate PA , and vigorous PA . In the present study, the outcome measures for PA were weekly days of > 30 min moderate to intensive PA , weekly minutes light PA , weekly minutes moderate PA , and weekly minutes vigorous PA . One further item was included assessing the number of weekly days with at least the recommended amount of PA by asking: “On how