Iris Kanera

32 Chapter 2 certainly (5), yes, probably (4), maybe / maybe not (3), no, probably not (2), no, certainly not (1). Prior research also applied similar items to measure social cognitive concepts (Bakker, Nijkamp, Sloot, Berndt, & Bolman, 2015; Berndt et al., 2014; Ronda, Van Assema, & Brug, 2001; Smeets, Kremers, Brug, & de Vries, 2007; Smit, de Vries, & Hoving, 2013). Table 2.2 Psychological outcome measures Concept Instrument Subscales used Items Score-range α Higher scores indicates Quality of life EORTC QLQ-C30 Global health status Physical functioning Role functioning Emotional functioning Cognitive functioning Social functioning Fatigue Nausea and vomiting Pain Dyspnea Insomnia Appetite loss Constipation Diarrhea Financial difficulties 2 5 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 .88 .72 .86 .86 .70 .70 .87 .52 .82 Better overall health and quality of life Better functioning Better functioning Better functioning Better functioning Better functioning Higher level of problems Higher level of problems Higher level of problems Higher level of problems Higher level of problems Higher level of problems Higher level of problems Higher level of problems Higher level of problems Anxiety, depression HADS Anxiety Depression 7 7 0-21 0-21 .84 .80 More morbidity More morbidity Adjustment to cancer MAC Positive adjustment Fighting spirit Avoidance Negative adjustment Helplessness/Hopelessness Anxious preoccupation Fatalism 16 1 6 9 8 16-64 1-4 6-24 9-36 8-32 .78 .84 More positive adjustment More negative adjustment Illness perception Brief IPQ Consequences, Timeline, Personal control, Identity, Concern, Coherence, Emotional representation 7 0-70 .80 More threatening view of the illness Problem solving orientation SPSI–R: S Positive problem orientation Negative problem orientation 5 5 0-4 0-4 .72 .86 Positive outcome and self-efficacy expectancies, less emotional distress Negative outcome and self-efficacy expectancies, more emotional distress Note: QLQ-C30: Quality of Life Questionnaire; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MAC: Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale; Brief IPQ: Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire; SPSI–R: S: Short Social Problem Solving Inventory-Revised; α: Cronbach’s α