Elien Neimeijer

10 Didden, & Van Der Nagel, 2017) because of comorbidity between their intellectual disability, mental health problems and challenging, risky or even criminal behaviour. Treatment for individuals with MID-BIF within mental health care is not seldom- ly unsuccessful (Didden et al., 2016; Nieuwenhuis, Noorthoorn, Nijman, Naarding, & Mulder, 2017). MID-BIF is often not recognised or recognised too late. Unawareness is likely to result in false diagnosis, inadequate treatment, more lengthy admissions, more coercion during admittance, and poor treatment outcomes. Interventions and question- naires have not been adapted to the needs of individuals with MID-BIF, and the sup- port and treatment does insufficiently account for this target group (Nieuwenhuis et al., 2017). During treatment individuals are frequently transferred to new settings where they have to start all over again and develop a working alliance with new staff (Didden et al., 2016; Roest, Van der Helm, & Stams, 2016). Due to this combination of MID-BIF, severe challenging behaviour, mental health problems, and/or a history of substance this target group – including Lauren - need intensive care and monitoring in a specialised secure (forensic) treatment setting. Secure (forensic) treatment Individuals with MID-BIF are only placed within a secure forensic setting if they are a danger to themselves or to others, and if other forms of care are assumed to be insuffi- cient. If voluntary care to eliminate harm (to self or others) is not possible, risky and/ or criminal behaviour can lead to compulsory treatment under civil or criminal law. In the Netherlands the Care and Compulsion Act (in Dutch: WZD) applies to individuals with MID-BIF in whom a mental disorder results in behaviour that can lead to harm to them- selves or to others (civil law). Compulsory treatment can also be imposed by criminal law. Many countries now recognize that those who have committed a criminal offense, (partly) due to a mental disorder, form a distinct population that needs some special- ised forensic treatment and care besides imprisonment (Clercx, Keulen-De Vos, Nijman, Didden, & Nijman, 2020). In the Netherlands, as in the case of Lauren, individuals can also be admitted by means of a TBS order (in Dutch: Terbeschikkingstelling: “disposal to be treated on behalf of the state”). These individuals are convicted of a serious vio- lent offense but are considered to have diminished responsibility for their crime because of severe psychopathology and/or MID-BIF. Therefore, mandatory stay (and treatment)