Elien Neimeijer

108 perceived workload and repression in forensic psychiatric institutions and residential youth care institutions. Also, Van der Helm, Moonen and Roest (2013) found mutual influence between certain aspects of work- and group climate in residential youth care for children with MID. Another possible explanation for the partly unexpected results in this study may be caused by including participants from only one organisation. Because of this, effects were only examined at two levels (individual and group level) instead of three levels (individual, group, and organisation), reducing distributed variance at the group lev- el. Variance between groups was only found for atmosphere, no significant variance in the perception of the other group climate dimensions within and between groups was found. This corresponds to the core idea in the group climate literature that there is some perceptual consensus among individuals on group climate, which means that individuals in the same unit and organisation agree more on the perceptions of group climate than with individuals in other living groups and organisations (Van Ginneken & Nieuwbeerta, 2020). However, shared variance could be considered relatively small, but these are still proportions of variance that cannot be ignored. Even the smallest proportion of variance at the group level can still have significant individual, practical implications for individ- uals with MID-BIF and their sociotherapists and their perception of group- and work climate. Overall, it can be concluded that there are some associations between work- and group climate, but that these should not be overstated. The purpose of this study was to give an indication whether there are associations – further research should explore the nature and mechanisms of these associations in greater detail. With the current cross-sectional study design, it was not possible to establish directions for the reported associations. Theoretically, it is plausible that each of these associations have bidirection- al effects; for instance, team functioning as perceived by sociotherapists may affect group climate as experienced by individuals with MID-BIF, but group climate may also affect team functioning. A longitudinal design would be required to determine the possible (causal) directions of associations between work- and group climate. This is also more in line with the idea that work- and group climate are dynamic concepts that changes over time and requires multiple measures for a more reliable picture. Furthermore, our results are based on a sample of convenience. Not all sociothera- pists and clients were willing to participate in the study. Consequently, the average scores on the work climate and group climate subscales were sometimes based on only a few