Elien Neimeijer

14 criminogenic needs ought to be assessed. However, effective treatment should also focus on general needs and strengths, such as physical health, quality of life, social and cultural factors, personal abilities and inter- ests, as they add to a client’s risk for recidivism (Andrews & Bonta, 2006). A model that focuses on these needs and strengths is the GLM (Ward et al., 2007). The GLM focuses on developing a balanced, prosocial personal identity and goal-seeking to develop a life that is healthy, self-determined with minimised risk for (re)offending. The GLM is a gen- eral rehabilitation theory, developed to suit all types of offenders (including offenders with ID), but in practice mainly used in sexual (ID) offenders (Aust, 2010). These theoretical principles for effective secure forensic treatment addresses the therapy-security paradox as described earlier. A disturbed balance between the focus on treatment and the focus on risk threatens the effectiveness of secure forensic treatment. Therapeutic flexibility is needed for clients to practice new competences and is charac- terised by responsiveness and opportunities for growth and development. Risk manage- ment on the other hand is characterised by structure, predictability, safety, control, and affective rule keeping at the living group among others. This is needed to avert chaos, anarchy and aggression among individuals within secure forensic care (Van der Helm, Boekee, Stams, & Van der Laan, 2011). To enable real change in everyday lives of individuals with MID-BIF it is important to consider the environmental and interpersonal context in secure forensic treatment Multidisciplinary working and specialist skills are considered essential in understanding, assessing and managing risk and complex needs and delivering successful treatment in secure forensic settings (Haines, Perkins, Evans, &McCabe, 2018). Just as the interaction between clients and therapists within sessions is crucial for therapeutic change, (socio) therapists are also part of multidisciplinary teams who are concerned with the broader context of clients’ lives. Generalization is necessary for interventions such as cognitive behaviour therapy or anger management to have benefits in everyday life beyond the original learning environment. Especially since individuals with MID-BIF have difficul- ties generalizing learned skills across novel contexts with other situations. To enable real change in everyday lives of individuals with MID-BIF it is important to consider the environmental and interpersonal context in secure forensic treatment (Jahoda et al.,