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19 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Farhadian, N., Miresmaeili, A., Eslami, B. and Mehrabi, S. (2008) ‘Effect of fluoride varnish on enamel demineralization around brackets: an in-vivo study’, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop , 133(4 Suppl), pp. S95-8. Feyerskov, O. and Kidd, E. A. M. (eds.) (2008) Dental caries: The disease and its clinical management. 2 edn. Oxford: Blackwell/Wiley. Geiger, A. M., Gorelick, L., Gwinnett, A. J. and Benson, B. J. (1992) ‘Reducing white spot lesions in orthodontic populations with fluoride rinsing’, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop , 101(5), pp. 403-7. Geiger, A. M., Gorelick, L., Gwinnett, A. J. and Griswold, P. G. (1988) ‘The effect of a fluoride program on white spot formation during orthodontic treatment’, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop , 93(1), pp. 29-37. Gorelick, L., Geiger, A. M. and Gwinnett, A. J. (1982) ‘Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding’, Am J Orthod , 81(2), pp. 93-8. Graber, L., Vanarsdall, R. and Vig, K. (2011) Orthodontics. Current Principles and Techniques . 5th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby. Hafstrom-Bjorkman, U., Sundstrom, F., de Josselin de Jong, E., Oliveby, A. and Angmar-Mansson, B. (1992) ‘Comparison of laser fluorescence and longitudinal microradiography for quantitative assessment of in vitro enamel caries’, Caries Res , 26(4), pp. 241-7. Huang, G. J., Roloff-Chiang, B., Mills, B. E., Shalchi, S., Spiekerman, C., Korpak, A. M., Starrett, J. L., Greenlee, G. M., Drangsholt, R. J. and Matunas, J. C. (2013) ‘Effectiveness of MI Paste Plus ® and PreviDent fluoride varnish for treatment of white spot lesions: a randomized controlled trial’, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop , 143(1), pp. 31-41. Ismail, A. I., Sohn, W., Tellez, M., Amaya, A., Sen, A., Hasson, H. and Pitts, N. B. (2007) ‘The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries’, Community Dent Oral Epidemiol , 35(3), pp. 170- 8. Julien, K. C., Buschang, P. H. and Campbell, P. M. (2013) ‘Prevalence of white spot lesion formation during orthodontic treatment’, Angle Orthod , 83(4), pp. 641-7. Kielbassa, A. M., Muller, J. and Gernhardt, C. R. (2009) ‘Closing the gap between oral hygiene and minimally invasive dentistry: a review on the resin infiltration technique of incipient (proximal) enamel lesions’, Quintessence Int , 40(8), pp. 663-81. Knösel, M., Attin, R., Becker, K. and Attin, T. (2007) ‘External bleaching effect on the color and luminosity of inactive white-spot lesions after fixed orthodontic appliances’, Angle Orthod , 77(4), pp. 646-52. Kugel, G., Arsenault, P. and Papas, A. (2009) ‘Treatment modalities for caries management, including a new resin infiltration system’, Compend Contin Educ Dent , 30 Spec No 3, pp. 1-10; quiz 11-2.