Dorien Bangma

100 | CHAPTER 4 FDM in patients with NDDs All included studies consistently reported more problems with FDM, based on performance- based tests, in people living with different NDDs compared to healthy controls. This is confirmed by the medium to large pooled mean effect sizes found for each group in the meta- analyses (no meta-analysis has been performed for people living with HD). The severity of cognitive decline in people living with an NDD seems to be related to the degree of problems with FDM. People living with AD, characterized by problems in multiple domains of cognition resulting in problems in daily life (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), have, for example, significantly more problems with FDM than people living with MCI (Gerstenecker et al., 2018, 2019; Gerstenecker, Hoagey, et al., 2017; Giannouli et al., 2018; Giannouli & Tsolaki, 2014; Griffith et al., 2003; Lui et al., 2013; Marson et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2019; Tolbert et al., 2019). This corresponds with the significantly larger pooled mean effect size found for people living with AD compared to people living with MCI. Also, over time, a significant deterioration of FDM performances is found in people living with MCI and people living with AD in longitudinal studies. Within this context, some domains of FDM seem to be less vulnerable to cognitive decline than others. In people living with MCI, the domains ‘basic monetary skills’ and ‘financial judgment’ of the FCI appear relatively intact since no differences were found compared to healthy controls (Gerstenecker et al., 2016, 2019; Gerstenecker, Hoagey, et al., 2017; Griffith et al., 2003). Both domains are described as relatively simple tasks of FDM (Griffith et al., 2003). Similar results are found for people living with mild AD (Gerstenecker, Hoagey, et al., 2017; Giannouli et al., 2018; Griffith et al., 2003; Loewenstein et al., 1989; Marson et al., 2000, 2009; Martin et al., 2019). However, when AD progresses to more advanced stages, significantly poorer performances are found on all assessed domains of FDM in people living with AD compared to people living with MCI and healthy controls. Also, when matched for their dementia severity (Lima-Silva et al., 2015) or when compared to people living with moderate to severe AD (Giannouli et al., 2018), people living with FTD and people living with AD show comparable performances on performance-based tests of FDM. Finally, also people living with PDD show more problems with FDM than people living with PD-MCI (Martin et al., 2013) and, interestingly, similar performances on FDM were found between healthy controls and people living with PD who were cognitively unaffected and people living with MS who were cognitively unaffected (Pirogovsky et al., 2014; Tracy et al., 2017). The impact of cognition on FDM is further supported by the significant relations found between measures of global cognition and performances on tests of FDM in different NDD groups. The strength of these associations, however, differs between groups and seems to depend on the tests used for the assessment of FDM and global cognition. With regard to specific cognitive functions, especially working memory appears to be relevant for adequate performance on tests of FDM (e.g., Czaja et al., 2017; Earnst et al., 2001; Tracy et al., 2017; Table 4.3). Also processing speed and numeracy are consistently found to be related to FDM (e.g., Gerstenecker, Myers et al., 2017; Griffith et al., 2010; Sherod et al., 2009; Table 4.3). According to the scientific literature and diagnostic guidelines (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), impairments in (verbal) memory and executive functions are predominantly present in typically amnestic syndromes (e.g., MCI and AD) and dysexecutive syndromes (e.g.,