Dorien Bangma

FDM IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES | 101 FTD or PDD), respectively. These cognitive problems, however, seem to insufficiently explain the diminished performances on FDM in these groups since results with regard to the relation between both domains of cognition and FDM are inconsistent. This might explain why no profound differences appear to be present between the NDDs with regard to FDM. Besides the relation between specific cognitive functions and FDM, also the associations between other potential determinants and FDMwere evaluated in some studies. In people living with MCI, being younger and more years of education were found to be related to fewer difficulties with FDM (Duke Han et al., 2015; Lassen-Greene et al., 2017; Lui et al., 2013; Niccolai et al., 2017; Tolbert et al., 2019). An association between age and FDM was not found in people living with AD (Bassett, 1999; Mahurin et al., 1991; Martin, Griffith, et al., 2008). Significant group differences on measures of FDM between people living with AD and people living with FTD were, however, no longer significant when controlled for age (Gill et al., 2019), assuming some influence of age. The results with regard to the relation between sex, years of education and performances on measures of FDM in people living with AD are mixed (Bassett, 1999; Giannouli et al., 2018; Mahurin et al., 1991; Martin, Griffith, et al., 2008) and in the other NDDs these variables are insufficiently examined to draw conclusions. In people living with MS and people living with PD, studies found evidence that FDM is related to disease severity and motor disabilities (Pirogovsky et al., 2012; Tracy et al., 2017), but again results are mixed. Furthermore, some studies found a negative influence of symptoms of depression on FDM outcomes in people living with MCI and people living with PD (Niccolai et al., 2017; Pirogovsky et al., 2012, 2013). Within the context of other NDDs, this relation was absent or not studied. In most studies, however, clinically depressed people were excluded from the sample which makes the evaluation of the impact of this variable difficult. In summary, even though there are some indications that FDM is associated with demographic variables and disease characteristics, overall, these associations are not evaluated systematically in the included studies. However, their potential influence on measures of FDM cannot be ruled out, especially since it is known that these variables have an influence on cognitive functioning (e.g., Murman, 2015; Van Der Elst et al., 2006b, 2006c, 2006a; Van Hooren et al., 2007). Therefore, future studies should control for group differences in these variables. Also, the impact of symptoms of depression on FDM is not well studied even though this variable might have a potential negative influence on performances on FDM. It is important to study this association in more detail since symptoms of depression are frequently present in people living with an NDD (Baquero & Martín, 2015). Furthermore, the influence of motor disabilities and disease severity in NDDs such as PD and MS should further be evaluated, especially when using performance-based tests that potentially require motor actions. Additional factors are also found to be of influence on someone’s ability to make financial decisions, such as financial experience (Eberhardt et al., 2019; Marson et al., 2000) and income level (Bangma et al., 2017). Only a few of the included studies controlled for financial experience (Bassett, 1999; Griffith et al., 2003; Marson et al., 2000, 2009; Martin, Griffith, et al., 2008; Sherod et al., 2009; Stoeckel et al., 2013; Triebel et al., 2009) and none of the studies examined other potential influential variables such as income level.