Dorien Bangma

116 | CHAPTER 5 3. The Financial Decision Style (FDS) questionnaire is a tool for assessing what style(s) play(s) a major role in making financial decisions, namely (1) rational, (2) intuitive, (3) dependent, (4) avoidant and (5) spontaneous. 4. The Competence in Decision Rules (CDR) test focuses on the ability to make financial decisions based on specific rules and criteria, such as choosing a product that meets specific requirements. It comprises ten scenarios of increasing difficulty. In each scenario, five television sets are presented and the participant is asked to say which is the best choice, taking specific requirements and criteria into consideration. 5. The Temporal Discounting Task (TDT) comprises eighteen different scenarios and focuses on making decisions that have implications for the future, such as spending or saving money. An important feature of decisions of this kind is that the subjective value of money decreases over time. For example, receiving 100 euros today has a higher subjective value than receiving the same amount of money in a year’s time. This phenomenon is known as ‘temporal discounting’. In each TDT scenario, the participant is asked what amount they would accept today or after a short time instead of a larger amount after a longer time (e.g., ‘what amount would you accept today instead of 100 euros in a year’s time’). Six different intervals are used in the TDT (‘today versus one week’, ‘today versus one month’, ‘today versus one year’, ‘one week versus one month’, ‘one week versus one year’, and ‘one month versus one year’) combined with three different amounts (100, 500 and 1,000 euros). 6. The Impulsive Buying Questionnaire (IBQ) assesses the extent to which the subject is inclined to make impulse purchases. It comprises three different components. The affective component focuses on emotions and feelings relating to impulse buying behaviour; the cognitive component refers to ideas about the tendency to make impulse buys; the situational component focuses on the availability of time and money required to make an impulse buy. 7. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is used to measure affective decision-making (Bechara et al., 1994). It involves the participants selecting cards from four different decks. Each deck is associated with a particular amount of profit and loss. Two decks produce high profits but also high losses, whereas the other two decks produce a relatively small amount of profit but also a relatively small amount of loss. The participants are not told about the amount of profit or loss associated with each deck, so they have to learn which decks are best to choose based on trial and error. So far the test battery has been used on healthy adults and it appears to be sensitive to the effects of normal ageing (Bangma et al., 2017). It has also been used on adults with ADHD who displayed reduced financial competence and had more difficulty with financial decisions that had implications for the future (i.e., with temporal discounting), compared with adults without ADHD. Adults with ADHD also reported more impulse buying behaviour and tended more to adopt an avoidant or spontaneous style when making financial decisions than adults without ADHD (Bangma et al., 2019). The next step in this line of research is to use the FDM test battery on patients with neurodegenerative disorders.