Dorien Bangma

134 | CHAPTER 6 Results All 31 included studies made use of one or more performance-based tasks to assess the following domains of decision making: risky decision-making, deliberative decision-making, delay/temporal discounting or delay aversion, reward-related decision-making, social decision- making, decision making in relation to driving and financial decision-making. A description of the adopted decision-making tasks is shown in Table 6.1. Table 6.2 provides a comprehensive overview of the included studies and the most important study results. Seventeen studies reported that adults with ADHD showed an aberrant performance as compared to a healthy control group on one or more of the tasks used (17/31 = 55%). In 14 studies, no (significant) group differences in task performance were found (14/31 = 45%). Table 6.1. Overview and description of the identified decision-making tasks. Name of test Test description Possible outcome measures Construct of measurement Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; Bechara et al. , 1994) Goal: maximize gain. § The participant chooses one card from four decks of cards 100 times. § For each card drawn, (hypothetical) money is gained/lost. § 2 out of 4 decks are considered advantageous/safe (i.e., consistent selection from these decks leads to a net gain). § 2 out of 4 decks are considered disadvantageous/risky (i.e., consistent selection from these decks leads to a net loss). Scores are usually calculated for five blocks of 20 trials each. § Number of choices from each deck. § Number of safe choices. § Number of risky choices. § Financial gain and loss. § Net score (i.e., number of safe minus risky choices). § Total financial outcome. Risky decision- making Forgone Payoff Gambling Task (FPGT; Agay et al. , 2010) Variant version of the IGT. § Differences FPGT compared to IGT: 1. Different payoff distribution. 2. A feedback method called ‘ foregone payoffs ’ is used: following each choice, the participant not only gets to see the card chosen (as with the IGT), but the three cards from the remaining decks are also shown. See outcome measures IGT. Risky decision- making Game of Dice Task (GDT; Brand et al. , 2005) Goal: maximize starting capital. § The participant makes guesses about the number of dots on a die (or several dice). § Money is gained/lost if the guess corresponds/does not correspond with the dots on the die/dice, respectively. § Choices are related to stable and inversely proportional gains/losses and winning probabilities. § Choices related to small gains/losses and a winning probability of > 50% are considered safe. § Choices related to large gains/losses and a winning probability of < 50% are considered risky. § Number of safe choices. § Number of risky choices. § Financial end capital § Net score (i.e., number of safe minus risky choices). § Use of positive feedback (i.e., frequency of staying with a safe choice after winning). § Use of negative feedback (i.e., frequency of switching from a risky to a safe choice after loss). Risky decision- making Table continues on the next page