Dorien Bangma

140 | CHAPTER 6 2016; Ernst et al., 2003; Gonzalez-Gadea et al., 2013; Ibanez et al., 2012; McLean et al., 2004; Mesrobian et al., 2018; Pollak et al., 2018; Wilbertz et al., 2012). Three studies (Matthies et al., 2012; Mesrobian et al., 2018; Wilbertz et al., 2012) also looked into the utilization of feedback during the gambling tasks. One of the three studies (1/3 = 33%) found that, compared to the control group, there was an impaired feedback utilization in adults with ADHD (Matthies et al., 2012). However, this effect disappeared after the boredom induction in the second part of this study (Matthies et al., 2012). No significant group differences were observed in the other two studies with regard to the use of feedback (Mesrobian et al., 2018; Wilbertz et al., 2012). Deliberative decision-making Two studies focused on deliberative decision making in adults with ADHD (Bangma et al., 2019; Mäntylä et al., 2012). Mäntylä et al. (2012) found significant group differences for the Applying Decision Rules Task of the Adult Decision-Making Competence battery (A-DMC). The ADHD group performed significantly less well in this task than the control group. However, no significant group differences were found in this study for the Under/Overconfidence Task of the A-DMC battery. According to Mäntylä et al. (2012), this difference between the task findings could be due to the Applying Decision Rules Task requiring more of the cognitive and analytical skills of the participants than the Under/Overconfidence Task . Bangma et al. (2019), unlike Mäntylä et al. (2012), found no significant differences in task performance between adults with ADHD and the control group for the Applying Decision Rules Task of the A-DMC battery (Bangma et al., 2019). Delay discounting Of the nine studies that looked at delay/temporal discounting or delay aversion, four studies (4/9 = 44%) showed that adults with ADHD had a significantly greater preference for immediate small rewards than for larger delayed rewards as compared to the healthy controls (Bangma et al., 2019; Dai et al., 2016; Hurst et al., 2011; Onnink et al., 2015). Dai et al. (2016), in this respect, differentiated between delay discounting (DD) and probability discounting (PD), where PD represented a measure of sensitivity to risk. They concluded that adults with ADHD showed a higher DD rate and a lower PD rate than the controls (Table 6.2), indicating a higher level of impulsivity in decision making in the ADHD group. Although Marx et al. (2013) initially also found significant group differences between the ADHD and control groups for the Delay Aversion Task, this task was found to have a ceiling effect. The ADHD groups, like the control groups, scored in the optimal range (Marx et al., 2013). The other four studies that made use of a delay/temporal discounting task did not find (significant) group differences in the degree of delay discounting (4/9 = 44%; Ortiz et al., 2015; Plichta et al., 2009; Todokoro et al., 2018; Wilbertz et al., 2012). Reward-related decision-making Of the three studies that examined reward-related decision-making, two studies (2/3 = 67%) found an aberrant performance in the ADHD group as compared to the healthy control group