Dorien Bangma

DECISION-MAKING IN ADHD | 141 (Table 6.2). Specifically, Sethi et al. (2018) found that the ADHD group presented with an impaired performance on a reward-related learning task compared to healthy adults, which was associated with a lower learning rate and heightened novelty-seeking. Mowinckel et al. (2017) found that adults with ADHD showed a significantly lower accuracy on a reward-related decision-making task than the control group. Addicott et al. (2019), on the other hand, found that adults with ADHD were as willing as the healthy controls to make an effort to receive a reward during the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). Social decision-making The only study that examined decision making in relation to social justice showed that adults with ADHD seem to have a more pronounced justice sensitivity than adults without ADHD (Schäfer & Kraneburg, 2015). Decision making in relation to driving In their study on the driving ability and driving behavior of adults with ADHD, Barkley et al. (2002) describe significantly reduced performances in the ADHD group on one part of the Driver Performance Analysis System (DPAS; i.e., Driver and Traffic Knowledge) compared to the control group. However, for the part of the DPAS that focuses on decision making during driving (i.e., Recognizing and Controlling Traffic Risk), the performance of the ADHD group did not differ significantly from the control group. No significant group differences were observed with regard to the performances in a simple driving simulator (Barkley et al., 2002). Financial decision-making In their study, Bangma et al. (2019) focused on financial decision-making in adults with ADHD. For this purpose, they included two tests for financial (decision-making) competence (Table 6.2). On the Financial Competence Assessment Inventory, adults with ADHD showed a significantly lower overall score than the control group. The ADHD group scored significantly lower than the control group on four of the six sub-scales of this test (i.e., financial abilities, financial judgment, financial management and financial support resources). The overall score for the Financial Decision-Making Interview was also significantly lower in the ADHD group than in the control group. The ADHD group showed significantly reduced performances on two of the five sub-scales of the Financial Decision-Making Interview (i.e., identification and understanding). Medication effects Five studies investigated the acute effects of stimulants (e.g. methylphenidate) on decision- making task performance (Addicott et al., 2019; Agay et al., 2010, 2014; Mowinckel et al., 2017; Sethi et al., 2018). Three of these five studies (3/5 = 60%) concluded that the task performance of adults with ADHD improved under medication conditions compared to the placebo conditions (Addicott et al., 2019; Mowinckel et al., 2017; Sethi et al., 2018). Two studies of Agay et al. (2010, 2014) found no acute effects of methylphenidate on the decision- making task performances of adults with ADHD.