Dorien Bangma

142 | CHAPTER 6 Table 6.2. Overview of studies on decision making in adults with ADHD ( k = 31). Study a Sample characteristics b Comorbidities c Medication d DM task(s) Main results Abouzari et al. (2015) ADHD unmedicated/nongamblers: n (m/f) = 5 (2/3) Age M(SD) = 24.8y (3.6) ADHD medicated/nongambler: n (m/f) = 23 (13/10) Age M(SD) = 22.1y (3.8) ADHD unmedicated/pathological gamblers : n (m/f) = 4 (2/2) Age M(SD) = 23.5y (2.4) Pathological gamblers (no ADHD): n (m/f) = 15 (9/6) Age M(SD) = 23.1y (2.7) CG: n (m/f) = 16 (7/9) Age M(SD) = 22.7y (3.2) Unknown See sample characteristics. § IGT (simplified) § IGT total netscore: CG = ADHD medicated/nongamblers. § IGT total netscore: CG and ADHD nongamblers (unmedicated and medicated) > pathological gamblers (no ADHD) > ADHD unmedicated/pathological gamblers. § CG and ADHD medicated/non-gambling showed a significant increase in the proportion of safe choices during the task. § CG and ADHD nongamblers (unmedicated and medicated) tended to tolerate losses after good bets (i.e., advantageous choices), while ADHD unmedicated/pathological gamblers tolerated losses after bad bets (i.e., disadvantageous choices). Addicott et al. (2019) e ADHD: n (m/f) = 23 (12/11) Age M(SD) = 32.9y (8.4) CG: n (m/f) = 23 (11/12) Age M(SD) = 27.8y (6.5) All participants were tested twice: once in a placebo and once in an MFD condition. All comorbid psychiatric disorders were part of the exclusion criteria, with the exception of ADHD comorbid depressive and/or anxiety symptoms Participants were excluded if they had used ADHD medication daily within the past six months. § EEfRT § EEfRT total number of completed trials: ADHD = CG § Ratio of number of completed high-effort trials / number of selected high-effort trials: ADHD = CG. § Increase in average number of high-effort selections due to MFD: ADHD > CG § Sensitivity to changes in high-effort reward probability: ADHD > CG Agay et al. (2010) e ADHD + MFD: n (m/f) = 13 (5/8) Age M(SD) = 31.7y (7.9) ADHD + Placebo: n (m/f) = 13 (6/7) Age M(SD) = 33.2y (8.6) CG + MFD: n (m/f) = 16 (8/8) Age M(SD) = 32.9y (6.9) CG + Placebo: n (m/f) = 16 (10/6) Age M(SD) = 32.4y (7.7) ≥ 1 comorbid disorder(s) (present): none ≥ 1 comorbid disorder(s) (remitted): n = 4 Psychiatric diagnosis CG: none Treated with MFD in adulthood: ADHD + Placebo: n = 5 ADHD + MFD: n = 6 All participants were off- medication on the morning of testing. § IGT § FPGT § IGT number of risky choices: ADHD = CG § FPGT number of risky choices: ADHD > CG § No performance effects of MPH. Agay et al. (2014) e ADHD: n = 20 CG: n = 19 Groups matched for sex. Age range both groups: 20-40y All participants were tested twice: once in a placebo and once in an MFD condition. Comorbid psychiatric disorders that could have an effect on study parameters were part of the exclusion criteria. Treated with MFD: Present: n = 7 Past: n = 5 Occasional MFD use CG (without prescription): n = 2 All participants were off- medication on the morning of testing. § IGT § FPGT § IGT number of risky choices: ADHD > CG § FPGT number of risky choices: ADHD = CG § No performance effects of MPH. Table continues on the next page