Dorien Bangma

DECISION-MAKING IN ADHD | 145 Study a Sample characteristics b Comorbidities c Medication d DM task(s) Main results Marx et al. (2013) ADHD + financial reward: n (m/f) = 20 (11/9) Age M(SD) = 29.31y (6.58) ADHD + no reward: n (m/f) = 18 (11/7) Age M(SD) = 27.72y (6.21) CG + financial reward: n (m/f) = 20 (10/10) Age M(SD) = 25.13y (5.43) CG + no reward: n (m/f) = 20 (9/11) Age M(SD) = 24.75y (3.63) ≥ 1 comorbid disorder(s): n = 14 Psychiatric diagnoses CG: none Drug naive: n = 18 All participants were off- medication 72 hours before testing. § Delay Aversion Task (adapted version) This study focused on the effect of reward on task performance (i.e., participants in the reward groups could earn money based on the quality of their performance). § Mean trial duration: Financial reward > no reward § Mean trial duration: ADHD < CG Note: Both CG and ADHD participants showed an optimal performance (ceiling effect). § Task performance: ADHD + financial reward = CG + no reward. Matthies et al. (2012) Study 1 ADHD: n (m/f) = 15 (8/7) Age M(SD) = 38.1y (10.96) CG: n (m/f) = 16 (8/8) Age M(SD) = 32.4y (14.37) ≥ 1 comorbid disorder(s): n = 13 Psychiatric diagnosis CG: n = 6 All participants were off- medication 48 hours before testing. § GDT § GDT netscore: ADHD < CG § GDT financial end capital: ADHD < CG § Frequency of staying with a safe choice after positive feedback (winning): ADHD < CG § Continuation of risky choices after negative feedback (losing): ADHD > CG Matthies et al. (2012) Study 2 ADHD: n (m/f) = 14 (8/6) Age M(SD) = 32.8y (10.28) CG: n (m/f) = 13 (6/7) Age M(SD) = 38.0y (11.95) ≥ 1 comorbid disorder(s): n = 12 Psychiatric diagnosis CG: n = 7 All participants were off- medication 48 hours before testing. § GDT + boredom induction After boredom induction: § GDT netscore: ADHD = CG § GDT financial end capital: ADHD = CG § Use of feedback: ADHD = CG § Risky decision making: CG Study 2 > CG Study 1 McLean et al. (2004) ADHD: n (m/f) = 19 (15/4) Age M(SD) = 27.7y (1.6) CG: n (m/f) = 19 (15/4) Age M(SD) = 29.5y (1.6) Sample with multiple comorbid disorders ( n = unknown). Psychiatric diagnosis CG: none MFD: n = 13 All participants were off- medication 24 hours before testing. § CGT § CGT percentage bets made: ADHD = CG § CGT quality of decision making (number of optimal choices): ADHD = CG § Deliberation time: ADHD = CG Mesrobian et al. (2018) ADHD: n (m/f) = 18 (11/7) Age M(SD) = 22.3y (0.7) CG: n (m/f) = 18 (10/8) Age M(SD) = 22.0y (0.8) Comorbid psychiatric disorders were part of the exclusion criteria. All participants were off- medication 24 hours before testing. § PGT § PGT total gain: ADHD = CG § PGT risk index: ADHD = CG - Participants of both groups kept the same risk-taking attitude in both feedback conditions (i.e., high-frequent and low-frequent). § Response times: ADHD > CG Miller et al. (2013) ADHD: n = 114 CG: n = 77 Only female participants included in both groups. Age range both groups = 17-25y Unknown All participants were off- medication 24 hours before testing. § IGT § IGT number of risky choices: ADHD > CG NOTE: marginally significant. § Increase of preference for safe decks across blocks: ADHD < CG Table continues on the next page