Dorien Bangma

146 | CHAPTER 6 Study a Sample characteristics b Comorbidities c Medication d DM task(s) Main results Mowinckel et al. (2017) e ADHD: n (m/f) = 20 (7/13) Age M(SD) = 29.9y (1.4) ADHD participants were tested twice: once in a placebo and once in an MFD condition. CG: n (m/f) = 27 (8/19) Age M(SD) = 27.42y (1.2) Unknown Use of medication for psychiatric disorders other than ADHD were part of the exclusion criteria. § Reward- Based Decision- Making Task § Task accuracy: ADHD+placebo < CG § Number of errors: ADHD+placebo > ADHD+MFD § Response time: ADHD > CG (no influence of MFD) § Response time variability: ADHD = CG (no influence of MFD) Onnink et al. (2015) ADHD: n (m/f) = 107 (41/66) Age M(SD) = 35.0y (10.3) CG: n (m/f) = 109 (47/62) Age M(SD) = 36.1y (11.0) ≥ 1 depressive episode (remitted): n = 52 (CG: n = 12) Anxiety disorder (remitted): n = 22 (CG: n = 6) Substance use (remitted): n = 21 (CG: n = 6) Borderline personality disorder: n = 10 (CG: n = 0) Stimulants (present): n = 64 Stimulants (past): n =14 Non-stimulants: n = 9 Drug naive: n = 20 § DDT § DDT discounting rate: ADHD > CG Ortiz et al. (2015) ADHD: n (m/f) = 10 (7/3) Age M(SD) = 28.4y (8.9) CG: n (m/f) = 11 (unknown) Age M(SD) = 25.4y (5.8) Sample with multiple comorbid disorders ( n = unknown). Psychiatric diagnosis CG: none Stimulants: n = 4 Non-stimulants: n = 1 Anti-depressants: n = 1 All participants were off- medication 48 hours before testing. § DDT § DDT discounting rate: ADHD = CG Plichta et al. (2009) ADHD: n = 14 Age M(SD) = 23.3y (5.2) CG: n = 14 Age M(SD) = 23.6y (1.9) Only male participants included in both groups. Comorbid psychiatric disorders were part of the exclusion criteria. MFD: n = 7 All participants were off- medication 4 days before testing. § Intertemporal Choice Task § Preferences for immediate rewards: ADHD = CG § Decision time (averaged for all choices): ADHD = CG § Decision time ADHD: delayed rewards > immediate rewards. Pollak et al. (2018) Sample of university students: ADHD: n (m/f) = 31 (13/18) Age M(SD) = 24.8y (2.81) CG: n (m/f) = 31 (14/17) Age M(SD) = 24.8y (3.01) ≥ 1 comorbid disorder(s) (present): n = 4 ≥ 1 comorbid disorder(s) (remitted): n = 18 Psychiatric diagnosis CG (present): n = 0 Psychiatric diagnosis CG (remitted): n = 5 Medication use: Daily: n = 9 Occasionally: n = 10 All participants were off- medication 24 hours before testing. § CGT (modified version) § CGT sum of bets: ADHD = CG § CGT risk adjustment: ADHD = CG § Deliberation time: ADHD = CG § Risk-taking pattern: ADHD = CG § Substance use: ADHD > CG Table continues on the next page