Dorien Bangma

FDM IN ADULTS WITH ADHD | 161 Materials and Methods Participants In total, 138 adults (i.e., 50 adults with ADHD and 88 healthy controls) who were between 19 and 64 years old participated in this study. All patients with ADHD were diagnosed and currently treated at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg- Essen, Germany and were invited to participate in the current study by their clinician. All adults with ADHD were diagnosed by trained psychologists or psychiatrists prior to and independent of the study. The diagnosis of ADHD was established based on the criteria for ADHD as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 th edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The assessment procedure used for diagnosing ADHD included semi-structured interviews which are used to evaluate ADHD psychopathology (i.e., the Wender-Reimherr-Interview; Retz-Junginger et al., 2017) and the Essen-Interview-for-school-days-related-biography (Grabemann et al., 2017). Additionally, self-report questionnaires were used for both the retrospective assessment of childhood symptoms as well as current symptoms (Rösler et al., 2008). The diagnostic evaluation also included objective measures such as evidence derived from school reports and reports of failure in academic and/or occupational achievement, and comprised multiple informants for all patients (e.g., employer evaluation, partner- or parent-reports). Adults with ADHD were free of ADHD medication (i.e., stimulants) for 48-hours prior to the assessment of the present study, except one participant who was therefore excluded from the sample. Healthy controls were recruited via the contacts of the researchers and invited using e-mail, social media or word-of- mouth. Table 7.1. Demographics and clinical characteristics of adults with ADHD (n = 45) and healthy controls (n = 51). Demographics and Clinical Characteristics ADHD Healthy controls p-value Age range in years 19 - 61 20 - 64 Age M (SD) in years 36.6 (10.2) 38.9 (13.2) .332 a Gender male:female 26:19 26:25 .505 b Education M (SD) in years 16.6 (3.3) 16.9 (3.8) .668 a Work status % .839 b Full-time 51.1 58.8 Part-time 24.4 17.6 Unemployed 13.3 11.8 Other 11.1 11.8 WURS-K M (SD) 42.9 (13.1) 13.0 (8.1) <.001* a ADHD-SR M (SD) 35.6 (8.6) 11.1 (7.5) <.001* a Note. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD-SR = ADHD self-report scale; WURS-K = Wender Utah Rating Scale – childhood. a Group differences evaluated with t-tests. b Group difference evaluated with Pearson’s chi-square test. * p < .01.