Dorien Bangma

162 | CHAPTER 7 All participants were assessed with the ADHD-SR and the WURS-K. Adults with ADHD were excluded when they scored below the cut-off on both questionnaires (i.e., ADHD-SR < 18 and WURS-K < 30; Rösler et al., 2008), while healthy controls were excluded when they scored above the cut-off on both questionnaires (i.e., ADHD-SR ≥ 18 and WURS-K ≥ 30; Rösler et al., 2008). Three healthy controls with scores above the cut-off on one or both questionnaires and one adult with ADHD with scores below the cut-off on both questionnaires were, therefore, excluded from the sample. Furthermore, students were excluded from both samples (i.e., 34 healthy controls and 3 adults with ADHD) to reduce confounding effects, since students are often in a very particular life situation with regard to finances (e.g., no or low income and financial dependency). Data of 45 adults with ADHD (M age = 36.6 ± 10.2 years; 57.8% males) and 51 healthy controls (M age = 38.9 ± 13.2 years; 51.0% males) were used for analysis. Groups did not differ significantly with regard to age, gender and years of education (Table 7.1). As expected, adults with ADHD reported significantly more often childhood and current symptoms of ADHD (WURS-K and ADHS-SR, respectively) than healthy controls (Table 7.1). Based on the clinical diagnoses, most adults with ADHD showed a combined presentation (n = 26), others showed a predominantly inattentive presentation (n = 10) or the presentation was not further specified (n = 9). Seven adults with ADHD were diagnosed with a comorbid adjustment disorder (unspecified), six with a depressive disorder, five with a personality disorder and three with substance dependency (i.e., cannabis, alcohol or coffee). None of the healthy participants was diagnosed with a neurological or psychiatric condition. Measures Personal financial situation. Nine questions about participants’ financial situation were asked to evaluate differences in the personal financial situation of adults with ADHD and healthy controls. Most questions required a yes-or-no response, i.e., ‘ Do you have debts other than mortgage or study loans? ’, ‘ Do you receive social security? ’, ‘ Do you have a savings account? ’, ‘ Do you save actively, i.e., do you put money on your savings account on a regular basis? ’, ‘ Do you save for retirement? ’ and ‘ Do you own a house? ’. Annual gross income was scored on a five-point scale, i.e., < €15,000; €15,000 - €25,000; €25,000 - €35,000; €35,000 - € 45,000 and > €45,000. In addition, participants were asked to indicate the amount of money they retain each month after deduction of fixed expenses and, if applicable, the approximate amount of social security they receive each month. Financial decision-making. A recently developed, objective and standardized FDM test battery was administered to all participants; see Bangma et al., (2017), or chapters 2 and 3 of current thesis, for a comprehensive description of all tasks. Seven out of the eight tasks previously applied were used in this study. The Financial Competence Assessment Inventory (FCAI) was used to evaluate financial competence . The test consists of 38 practical and theoretical questions about everyday FDM and gives an overview of strengths and weaknesses regarding six different domains of financial competence (Kershaw &Webber, 2004, 2008; Webber et al., 2002): ‘Financial abilities’ (range 0 – 36), ‘Financial judgment’ (range 0 – 32), ‘Financial management’ (range 0 – 22), ‘Financial