Dorien Bangma

44 | CHAPTER 3 money they would accept today or after a relatively short delay instead of receiving a relatively high amount of money later in time (e.g., ‘Which amount of money would you accept today instead of receiving €100 in one year?’). Six different time intervals are used (i.e., ‘today vs. one week’, ‘today vs. one month’, ‘today vs. one year’, ‘one week vs. one month’, ‘one week vs. one year’ and ‘one month vs. one year’), which are combined with an amount of money participants can receive after a delay (i.e., €100, €500 or €1000). All answers are converted to a percentage of the amount of money participants can receive after a relatively long delay. Subsequently, one average score is calculated based on all six time-intervals. A high score is indicative for a decreased sensitivity to TD and, therefore, the ability to make decisions with implications for the future. The Impulsive Buying Questionnaire (IBQ) is used to investigate the tendency to buy on impulse, which can be described as the irrepressible tendency to perform a sudden unplanned purchase (Rook, 1987). The IBQ assesses the affective, cognitive and situational components of impulsive buying (Beatty & Ferrell, 1998; Coley & Burgess, 2003; Verplanken & Herabadi, 2001). The affective component refers to emotions and feelings that lead to impulsive buying behavior; the cognitive component refers to thoughts of and the urge to buy on impulse. A situational component, i.e., the availability of time and money that are needed to execute an impulsive purchase, also appears to be involved (Beatty & Ferrell, 1998). The situational component is, however, still experimental and therefore not part of the total IBQ score. All questions (e.g., ‘When I go shopping, I buy things that I did not intend to purchase’ or ‘I always buy it if I really like it’) are rated on a four-point scale, which ranges from 1 ( strongly disagree ) to 4 ( strongly agree ). Sum scores are calculated for the affective, cognitive and situational component. Furthermore, a total score is calculated reflecting the overall tendency to buy on impulse. Scores are reversed so that high scores represent low levels of impulsive buying tendency. A computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task ( IGT ; Bechara et al., 1994; Grasman & Wagenmakers, 2005) was developed to assess real-life decision-making, however, seems to assess primarily emotional decision-making in healthy individuals (Buelow & Suhr, 2009). Emotional decision-making in the context of the IGT can be described as an unconscious urge or feeling based on previous experience and emotional stage which has an influence on decision-making (Bechara et al., 1997; Buelow & Suhr, 2009). Participants have to choose cards from four decks and each deck is associated with certain gains and losses. The disadvantageous decks A and B lead to relatively high gains but also to relatively high losses. Decks C and D, the advantageous decks, result in relatively low gains but also in relatively low losses. Participants are not explicitly informed about the rules of winning and losing. They therefore have to learn from trial and error which decisions are most advantageous. A total netscore, i.e., the number of times a participant chose the advantageous decks minus the number of times the participant chose the disadvantageous decks, over 100 trials is calculated. Furthermore, the netscore will be divided in five parts of 20 trials to assess the effect of feedback and risky decision-making (Brand et al., 2006). The Financial Decision-Making on Intuition or Deliberation test (FDM-I/D) is a computer test based on previous published procedures (Dijksterhuis et al., 2006; Mikels et al.,