Dorien Bangma

FDM IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES | 71 visuospatial abilities and FDM in people living with AD (Sherod et al., 2009; Stoeckel et al., 2013). Influence of age, sex, education and symptoms of depression in patients with AD. In general there are no indications that age has an influence on FDM in people living with AD, since no significant correlations were reported (Bassett, 1999; Mahurin et al., 1991; Martin, Griffith, et al., 2008). Nevertheless, significant differences between people living with AD and people living with FTD on an FDM tests (i.e., FACT total score and FCAI appreciation scale) were no longer significant when controlling for age (Gill et al., 2019), assuming some influence of age. Giannouli et al. (2018) reported that years of education are a better predictor of financial capacity as examined with the LCPLTAS than classic neuropsychological measures and other demographic factors in a dementia sample (i.e., a mixed sample of people living with AD and people living with other types of dementia). The number of years of education was also a significant predictor of performances on seven out of eight FCI domains in people living with AD (Martin, Griffith, et al., 2008). These associations could, however, not be confirmed by two other studies (Bassett, 1999; Mahurin et al., 1991). Sex was found to be a significant predictor of one out of eight FCI domains (Martin, Griffith, et al., 2008). No significant correlations were found between performances on FDM tests and scores on depression questionnaires (Mahurin et al., 1991; Martin, Griffith, et al., 2008). Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Twenty-six studies investigated FDM in people living with MCI. In total, 1727 people living with MCI were included in these studies and the average age of people living with MCI ranged from 68.0 to 84.3 years (weighted average = 72.9 years). In most studies, participants were diagnosed with single- or multiple-domain amnestic MCI (Table 4.2b). However, not all studies reported the subtype of MCI of the participants that were included (Arcara et al., 2019; Benavides-Varela et al., 2015; Clark et al., 2014; Duke Han et al., 2015; Gerstenecker et al., 2016; Kenney et al., 2019; Lassen-Greene et al., 2017; Martin et al., 2019; Triebel et al., 2009). Some studies used a mixed MCI group including both single- and/or multiple-domain amnestic and non-amnestic MCI (Bangen et al., 2010; Okonkwo et al., 2006; Pereira, Yassuda, et al., 2010) and three studies divided their sample in people living with MCI who progressed to AD and people living with MCI who showed no progression at follow-up (e.g., MCI converters vs. MCI non-converters, respectively; Bangen et al., 2010; Clark et al., 2014; Triebel et al., 2009). All cross-sectional studies on MCI reported that participants showed significantly lower total scores on tests of FDM compared to healthy controls (Table 4.2b). Some aspects of FDM appear to remain intact in people living with MCI, although results are mixed. Most consistently, studies reported difficulties with ‘financial conceptual knowledge’, ‘checkbook management’, ‘bank statement management’ and ‘bill payment’ in people living with MCI compared to healthy controls (Gerstenecker et al., 2016, 2019; Gerstenecker, Hoagey, et al., 2017; Giannouli et al., 2018; Griffith et al., 2003; Martin et al., 2019; Okonkwo et al., 2006). The domains ‘basic monetary skills’ and ‘financial judgment’ of the FCI seem to remain relatively intact in people living with MCI (Gerstenecker et al., 2016, 2019; Gerstenecker, Hoagey, et al., 2017; Griffith et al., 2003). Furthermore, people living with MCI appear to have