Dorien Bangma

FDM IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES | 73 the FCI. Comparing the performances at baseline, three-years follow-up and six-years follow- up, they found a significant deterioration over time on the FCI total score and on all domains separately in people living with MCI, while no deterioration was observed in healthy controls. The association between FDM and cognition in patients with MCI. Also in people living with MCI, a decreased performance on tests of global cognition was found to be associated with decreased performances on tests of FDM (Arcara et al., 2019; Bangen et al., 2010; Duke Han et al., 2015; Gerstenecker et al., 2016; Table 4.3). General cognition, defined as the average of performances on nineteen tests of cognition, predicted 14% of variance of performance on an FDM test (Duke Han et al., 2015). When exploring different aspects of cognition in more detail, it appears that especially processing speed is related to FDM in people living with MCI since mild to strong correlations were found between measures of processing speed and FDM (Czaja et al., 2017; Duke Han et al., 2015; Griffith et al., 2010; Niccolai et al., 2017). Also numeracy was found to be significantly related to FDM in people living with MCI (Griffith et al., 2010; Niccolai et al., 2017; Sherod et al., 2009), explaining 37.6 to 55.0% of variance of performances on tests of FDM (Niccolai et al., 2017; Sherod et al., 2009). Furthermore, significant correlations were found between FDM and attention (Griffith et al., 2010; Okonkwo et al., 2006), visuospatial memory (Niccolai et al., 2017), visuomotor abilities (Benavides-Varela et al., 2015), language (Niccolai et al., 2017) and executive functions (Okonkwo et al., 2006; Sherod et al., 2009; more specifically working memory (Duke Han et al., 2015), cognitive flexibility (Czaja et al., 2017) and abstract reasoning (Benavides-Varela et al., 2015)) in people living with MCI, although results are mixed. Influence of age, sex, education and symptoms of depression in patients with MCI. Some studies found evidence that a higher age was associated with lower performances on FDM tests in people living with MCI (Duke Han et al., 2015; Lassen-Greene et al., 2017; Lui et al., 2013; Tolbert et al., 2019). Age can, however, not fully explain the differences that were found between people living with MCI and healthy controls regarding FDM since some studies controlled for age in their group analyses and still found significant differences between groups on tests of FDM (Arcara et al., 2019; Benavides-Varela et al., 2015; Duke Han et al., 2015; Griffith et al., 2010; Martin et al., 2019; Triebel et al., 2009). Furthermore, more years of education was related to a better performance on a measure of FDM in people living with MCI (Lui et al., 2013; Niccolai et al., 2017; Tolbert et al., 2019). Sex was not related to FDM performances of people living with MCI (Tolbert et al., 2019). Niccolai et al. (2017) finally reported that higher scores on a depression rating scale were related to a faster deterioration of FDM performances in people living with MCI over a two-years period. However, Arcara et al. (2019) did not find a significant association between financial capacity (measured with the NADL-F) and symptoms of depression in a mixed group of people living with MCI, healthy controls and people living with other neurological diseases. Comparison of AD and MCI Thirteen studies included people living with AD as well as people living with MCI, which allowed a direct comparison between these groups regarding their performances on tests of FDM. When comparing people living with AD and people living with MCI, it was found that