Dorien Bangma

76 | CHAPTER 4 of ≥ 2 SD between groups on the ‘total score’, ‘financial decision-making’ and ‘assets knowledge’ domains of the LCPLTAS; Giannouli et al., 2018). Similar performances were, however, observed in people living with FTD and people in the moderate to severe stages of AD and when people living with FTD were compared with people living with AD who were matched based on their dementia severity (Giannouli et al., 2018; Lima-Silva et al., 2015). Furthermore, group differences between people living with FTD and people living with AD observed on the FACT and FCAI (Gill et al., 2019) were no longer significant when controlling for age. The association between FDM, cognition, age, sex, education and symptoms of depression has not been evaluated in people living with FTD. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Seven studies investigated FDM in people living with PD (Table 4.2d). Two studies (Pirogovsky et al., 2013, 2014) used the same sample which were, therefore, treated as one study. In total, 222 people living with PD participated in these studies and participants were on average between 66.7 and 75.6 years old (weighted age = 70.1 years). Participants were on their regular medication during assessment, however, three studies (Giannouli et al., 2018; Giannouli & Tsolaki, 2014, 2019) did not provide any information about disease characteristics and medication use of their sample. All studies reported that people living with PD had significantly more difficulties with FDM than healthy controls (Giannouli et al., 2018; Giannouli & Tsolaki, 2014, 2019; Martin et al., 2013; Pirogovsky et al., 2012, 2013, 2014). This is in accordance with the large pooled mean effect size found in the meta-analysis (i.e., g = 1.49 [0.71; 2.27], SE = 0.40, p < .001, based on five studies; Figure 4.2). Also for the PD studies, significant heterogeneity was found ( Q (4) = 58.8, p < .001, I 2 = 93.2%). The funnel plot showed no significant asymmetry ( p = .333; Figure 4.3). The association between FDM and cognition in patients with PD. Most studies used total scores to evaluate FDM in people living with PD, however, whether specific domains of FDM are impaired seems to depend on the severity of cognitive impairments in people living with PD. When people living with PD are divided in groups with and without cognitive impairments, no differences are found between healthy controls and people living with PD without cognitive impairments regarding FDM (Pirogovsky et al., 2014). People living with PD meeting the criteria of MCI (PD-MCI) showed, however, significantly lower performances on tests of FDM than healthy controls (Martin et al., 2013; Pirogovsky et al., 2014), even though no differences were found between people living with PD-MCI and people living with PD without cognitive impairments (Pirogovsky et al., 2014). When exploring the performances of people living with PD in tests of FDM in more detail, it was found that people living with PD- MCI showed significantly lower performances on relatively basic aspects of FDM (i.e., ‘basic monetary skills’, ‘financial concepts’ and ‘investment decision-making’) compared to healthy controls. No group differences were found on other domains of the FCI between these groups (Martin et al., 2013). Problems with FDM were most consistently found in people living with PDD compared to healthy controls (Giannouli et al., 2018; Giannouli & Tsolaki, 2019; Martin et al., 2013). People living with PDD scored significantly lower than both healthy controls and