Dorien Bangma

FDM IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES | 77 people living with PD-MCI on almost all domains of FDM as measured with the FCI (Martin et al., 2013), even though ‘financial judgment’ and ‘knowledge of assets/estate arrangement’ seem to remain relatively intact in people living with PDD (i.e., no group differences were observed). In one study (Pirogovsky et al., 2012), seven people living with PDD were included in the sample, but the differences between people living with PD and healthy controls on the measure of FDM remained significant when excluding these people living with PDD. The remaining PD sample (n = 26) was described as non-demented, but it is unclear whether they suffered (mild) cognitive impairment(s). The researchers did report a direct moderate correlation between FDM and global cognition in people living with PD (Giannouli & Tsolaki, 2019; Pirogovsky et al., 2012). Another study, however, was not able to find a significant correlation between global cognition and FDM in people living with PD without dementia (Pirogovsky et al., 2014). Two studies investigated the association between FDM and specific cognitive functions in people living with PD. Prospective memory, both time and event based, seems to be positively related to FDM in people living with PD (Pirogovsky et al., 2012). However, this correlation was no longer significant when people living with PDD were excluded from the sample. In accordance, when investigating people living with PD without dementia, no significant correlations were found between measures of attention, memory, executive functions, language and visuospatial abilities and FDM (Pirogovsky et al., 2014, 2013; Table 4.3). Influence of age, sex, education, symptoms of depression and disease characteristics in patients with PD. One study reported strong associations between age, sex and FDM in people living with PD (Pirogovsky et al., 2012). However, another study did not find any significant correlations between demographic characteristics and FDM in people living with PD (Pirogovsky et al., 2014). A more severe disease severity (i.e., higher Hoehn & Yahr scores) and a longer disease duration were weakly to moderately associated with lower scores on FDM in people living with PD (Pirogovsky et al., 2012). Another study could, however, not replicate these findings (Pirogovsky et al., 2013). One study found significantly lower FDM performances in people living with PDD with symptoms of depression compared to people living with PDD without symptoms of depression (Giannouli & Tsolaki, 2019). This corresponds with the weak to moderate associations found between symptoms of depression and lower scores on tests of FDM in people living with PD (Pirogovsky et al., 2012, 2013). People living with PD diagnosed with a major depressive disorder prior to the diagnosis of PD were, however, excluded in these studies. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Only recently did researchers start examining FDM in people living with MS. Three studies were included in the review (Table 4.2e) as well as in the meta-analysis (Figure 4.2). In total, 86 people living with MS participated in these studies and the average age ranged between 44.3 and 49.4 years (weighted age = 47.3 years). Gerstenecker, Myers et al. (2017) included exclusively people living with MS with either a primary progressive or secondary progressive disease subtype, while the other two studies included a more mixed group with approximately