Dorien Bangma

FDM IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES | 99 Note of Table 4.3. All correlations are in the expected direction (e.g., poorer performances on a test of cognition are associated with poorer performances on test of FDM). Empty gray cell means that cognitive domains were not evaluated. AD = Alzheimer’s disease; ACED = Assessment of Capacity for Everyday Decision-making; AFT = Advanced Finances Test; AR test = Actual Reality test; DMCAT = Decision-Making Competence Assessment Tool; FCAI = Financial Competence Assessment Inventory; FCI = Financial Capacity Instrument; FCQ = Financial Competency Questions; HD = Huntington’s disease; ILS = Independent Living Scale; LCPLTAS = Legal Capacity for Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; MS = multiple sclerosis; NADL = Numerical Activities of Daily Living; NADL-F = Numerical Activities of Daily Living - Financial; PD = Parkinson’s disease; UCSD-PBSA = University of California, San Diego - Performance-Based Skills Assessment; UMCFAB = University of Miami Computer-Based Functional Assessment Battery. a Includes also 5 people living with pathologies other than MCI. b Mixed group including people living with AD, people living with MCI and healthy controls. c No official name of test reported, test is likely a pilot version of the LCPLTAS. d Mixed group including people living with AD, people living with MCI, people living with PD and healthy controls. e Mixed group including people living with AD patients, people living with MCI, people living with PD, people living with FTD, people living with vascular dementia and healthy controls. f Studies presumably used the same sample and are therefore considered and described as one study. † Included both people with an NDD and healthy controls in analyses. * (multiple) regression analyses used instead of correlation analyses. + Means significant correlation/predictor. n.s. Means not significant correlation/predictor. Discussion The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview and meta-analysis of studies evaluating FDM in people living with an NDD. For this, the reliability of performance- based tests to consistently identify FDM difficulties in people living with an NDD compared to healthy controls was evaluated. Furthermore, if studies allowed, the performances on tests of FDM between groups with different NDDs was compared. Finally, the influence of disease severity and disease progression on FDM was explored, as well as the associations between FDM and performances on standard measures of cognition and demographic variables (i.e., age, sex and education). In the current review, FDM is used as a hypernym for every day knowledge, performances, skills and actions related to the use of money. Gambling or risk- taking were not taken into account. According to the conceptual model of financial capability (Appelbaum et al., 2016), gambling or risk-taking are contextual factors that may be of influence on financial competence and can result in a decreased financial performance in everyday life. Since the present review focuses specifically on the competence or capacity to make financial decisions, contextual factors such as gambling or risk-taking were, therefore, considered to be beyond the scope of this review. With the inclusion of 47 studies, the performances of people living with AD, MCI, FTD, PD, MS or HD could be compared to the performances of healthy controls. Meta-analyses were conducted within each group if more than one study could be included. The majority of studies included people living with AD and/or MCI (i.e., 38 studies in total).